# 11.10. Tuning Collectives

Open MPI’s `coll` framework provides a number of components implementing collective communication, including: `han`, `libnbc`, `self`, `ucc` `base`, `hcoll`, `sync`, `xhc`, `accelerator`, `basic`, `ftagree`, `inter`, `portals4`, and `tuned`. Some of these components may not be available depending on how Open MPI was compiled and what hardware is available on the system. A run-time decision based on each component’s self reported priority, selects which component will be used. These priorities may be adjusted on the command line or with any of the other usual ways of setting MCA variables, giving us a way to influence or override component selection. In the end, which of the available components is selected depends on a number of factors such as the underlying hardware and the whether or not a specific collective is provided by the component as not all components implement all collectives. However, there is always a fallback `base` component that steps in and takes over when another component fails to provide an implementation.

The remainder of this section describes the tuning options available in the `tuned` collective component.

## 11.10.1. Fixed, Forced, and Dynamic Decisions

Open MPI’s `tuned` collective component has three modes of operation, fixed decision, forced algorithm, and dynamic decision. Since different collective algorithms perform better in different situations, the purpose of these modes is, when a collective is called, to select an appropriate algorithm.

In the fixed decision mode a decision tree, essentially a large set of nested if-then-else-if blocks with baked in comm and message size thresholds derived by measuring performance on existing clusters, selects one of a number of available algorithms for the specific collective being called. Fixed decision is the default. The fixed decision mode can work well if your cluster hardware is similar to the systems profiled when constructing the decision tree. However, in some cases the fixed decision rules can yield less than ideal performance. For instance, when your hardware differs substantially from that which was used to derive the fixed rules decision tree.

In the dynamic decision mode a user can provide a set of rules encoded in an ASCII file that tell the `tuned` component which algorithm should be for one or more collectives as a function of communicator and message size. For the collectives which rules are not provided the fixed decision mode is used. More detail about the dynamic decision mode and rules file can be found in section Rules File.

In the forced algorithm mode one can specify an algorithm for a specific collective on the command line. This is discussed in detail in section Forcing an Algorithm.

## 11.10.2. Forcing an Algorithm

The simplest method of tuning is to force the `tuned` collective component to use a specific algorithm for all calls to a specific collective. This can be done on the command line, or by any of the other usual ways of setting MCA variables. For example, the following command line sets the algorithm to linear for all MPI_Alltoall calls in the entire run.

    shell$ mpirun ... --mca coll_tuned_use_dynamic_rules 1 \
                      --mca coll_tuned_alltoall_algorithm 1 ...

When an algorithm is selected this way, the fixed decision rules associated with that collective are short circuited. This is an easy way to select a collective algorithm and is most effective when there is a single communicator and message sizes are static with in the run. On the other hand, when the message size for a given collective varies during the run, or there are multiple communicators of different sizes, the effectiveness of this approach may be limited. The rules file provides a more comprehensive and flexible approach to tuning. For collectives where an algorithm is not forced on the command line, the fixed decision rules are used.

## 11.10.3. Dynamic Decisions and the Rules File

Given that the best choice of algorithm for a given collective depends on a number of factors only known at run time, and that some of these factors may vary within a run, setting an algorithm on the command line often is an ineffective means of tuning. The rules file provides a means of choosing an algorithm at run time based on communicator and message size. The rules file can be specified on the command line, or the other usual ways to set MCA variables. The file is parsed during initialization and takes affect there after.

    shell$ mpirun ... --mca coll_tuned_use_dynamic_rules 1 \
                      --mca coll_tuned_dynamic_rules_filename /path/to/my_rules.conf ...

The loaded set of rules then are used to select the algorithm to use based on the collective, the communicator size, and the message size. Collectives for which rules have not be specified in the file will make use of the fixed decision rules as usual.

Dynamic tuning files are organized in this format:

     1rule-file-version-2
     21   # num of collectives
     33   # collective ID
     41   # number of comm sizes
     5#=====================
     664   # comm size
     714   # number of rules
     8# Bytes   alg topo segs reqs
     9#----------------------
    100            0 0 0 0
    11512000       4 0 0 64
    121536000      4 0 0 64
    133072000      4 0 0 64
    146144000      4 0 0 64
    1512288000     4 0 0 16
    1624576000     4 0 0 16
    1749152000     4 0 0 16
    1898304000     4 0 0 16
    19196608000    4 0 0 8
    20393216000    4 0 0 8
    21786432000    4 0 0 1
    221572864000   4 0 0 1
    232621440000   0 0 0 0

The rules file effectively defines, for one or more collectives, a function of two variables, which given communicator and message size, returns an algorithm id to use for the call. This mechanism allows one to specify for each collective, an algorithm for any number of ranges of message and communicator sizes. As communicators are constructed, a search of the rules table is made using the communicator size to select a set of message size rules to be used with that communicator. Later as the collective is invoked, a search of the message size rules associated with the communicator is made. The rule with the nearest (less than) matching message size specifies the algorithm that is used. The actual definition of message size is dependent on the collective in question, see the section on collectives and algorithms for details.

One may provide rules for as many collectives, communicator sizes, and message sizes as desired. Simply repeat the sections as needed and adjust the relevant count parameters. One must always provide a rule for message size of zero. Message size rules are expected in ascending order. The last parameters in the message size rule may or may not be used and have different meaning depending on the collective and algorithm. The first two parameters in the rule following the algorithm ID, topo and segment size, are always required. In version 2 of the file format a third parameter, max requests, may also be provided. A release of Open MPI at least v5.0.7 is required for version 2 features.

The file format version specifier, rule-file-version-N where N is an integer greater or equal to 1, should appear on the first line of the file. If the version specifier is not present, the file format is assumed to be version 1. Version 2 or greater is required to use the max requests parameter. Open MPI releases older than v5.0.7 do not support the file format version identifier. When using older releases of Open MPI do not include a version specifier and do not use the max requests parameter in message size rules.

## 11.10.4. Collectives and their Algorithms

The following table lists the collectives implemented by the `tuned` collective component along with the enumeration value identifying it. It is this value that must be used in the rules file when specifying a set of rules. The definition of message size is dependent on the collective and is given in the table. Tables describing the algorithms available for each collective, and there identifiers, are linked.

Collectives
Collective | Id | Message Size
--- | --- | ---
Allgather | 0 | datatype size * comm size * number of elements in send buffer
Allgatherv | 1 | datatype size * sum of number of elements that are to be received from each process (sum of recvcounts)
Allreduce | 2 | datatype size * number of elements in send buffer
Alltoall | 3 | datatype size * comm size * number of elements to send to each process
Alltoallv | 4 | not used
Barrier | 6 | not used
Bcast | 7 | datatype size * number of entries in buffer
Exscan | 8 | datatype size * comm size
Gather | 9 | datatype size * comm size * number of elements in send buffer
Reduce | 11 | datatype size * number of elements in send buffer
Reduce_scatter | 12 | datatype size * sum of number of elements in result distributed to each process (sum of recvcounts)
Reduce_scatter_block | 13 | datatype size * comm size * element count per block
Scan | 14 | datatype size * comm size
Scatter | 15 | datatype size * number of elements in send buffer

### 11.10.4.1. Allgather (Id=0)

Allgather Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | linear | …
2 | bruck-k-fanout | …
3 | recursive_doubling | …
4 | ring | …
5 | neighbor | …
6 | two_proc | …
7 | sparbit | …
8 | direct-messaging | …

### 11.10.4.2. Allgatherv (Id=1)

Allgatherv Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | default | …
2 | bruck | …
3 | ring | …
4 | neighbor | …
5 | two_proc | …
6 | sparbit | …

### 11.10.4.3. Allreduce (Id=2)

Allreduce Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | basic_linear | …
2 | nonoverlapping | …
3 | recursive_doubling | …
4 | ring | …
5 | segmented_ring | …
6 | rabenseifner | …
7 | allgather_reduce | …

### 11.10.4.4. Alltoall (Id=3)

Alltoall Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | linear | Launches all non-blocking send/recv pairs and wait for them to complete.
2 | pairwise | For comm size P, implemented as P rounds of blocking MPI_Sendrecv
3 | modified_bruck | An algorithm exploiting network packet quantization to achieve O(log) time complexity. Typically best for very small message sizes.
4 | linear_sync | Keep N non-blocking MPI_Isend/Irecv pairs in flight at all times. N is set by the coll_tuned_alltoall_max_requests MCA variable.
5 | two_proc | An implementation tailored for alltoall between 2 ranks, otherwise it is not used.

### 11.10.4.5. Alltoallv (Id=4)

Alltoallv Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | basic_linear | …
2 | pairwise | …

### 11.10.4.6. Barrier (Id=6)

Barrier Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | linear | …
2 | double_ring | …
3 | recursive_doubling | …
4 | bruck | …
5 | two_proc | …
6 | tree | …

### 11.10.4.7. Bcast (Id=7)

Bcast Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | basic_linear | …
2 | chain | …
3 | pipeline | …
4 | split_binary_tree | …
5 | binary_tree | …
6 | binomial | …
7 | knomial | …
8 | scatter_allgather | …
9 | scatter_allgather_ring | …

### 11.10.4.8. Exscan (Id=8)

Exscan Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | linear | …
2 | recursive_doubling | …

### 11.10.4.9. Gather (Id=9)

Gather Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | basic_linear | …
2 | binomial | …
3 | linear_sync | …

### 11.10.4.10. Reduce (Id=11)

Reduce Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | linear | …
2 | chain | …
3 | pipeline | …
4 | binary | …
5 | binomial | …
6 | in-order_binary | …
7 | rabenseifner | …
8 | knomial | …

### 11.10.4.11. Reduce_scatter (Id=12)

Reduce_scatter Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | non-overlapping | …
2 | recursive_halving | …
3 | ring | …
4 | butterfly | …

### 11.10.4.12. Reduce_scatter_block (Id=13)

Reduce_scatter_block Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | basic_linear | …
2 | recursive_doubling | …
3 | recursive_halving | …
4 | butterfly | …

### 11.10.4.13. Scan (Id=14)

Scan Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | linear | …
2 | recursive_doubling | …

### 11.10.4.14. Scatter (Id=15)

Scatter Algorithms
Id | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
0 | ignore | Use fixed rules
1 | basic_linear | …
2 | binomial | …
3 | linear_nb | …