;;;; that part of the implementation of HASH-TABLE which lives solely
;;;; on the target system, not on the cross-compilation host

;;;; This software is part of the SBCL system. See the README file for
;;;; more information.
;;;;
;;;; This software is derived from the CMU CL system, which was
;;;; written at Carnegie Mellon University and released into the
;;;; public domain. The software is in the public domain and is
;;;; provided with absolutely no warranty. See the COPYING and CREDITS
;;;; files for more information.

(in-package "SB-IMPL")


(declaim (freeze-type general-hash-table))
(!begin-collecting-cold-init-forms)

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (hash-table t maybe-truncated-hash)
                           (values (and index/2 (unsigned-byte 32))
                                   maybe-truncated-hash))
                grow-hash-table))

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t t t t t)
                           (values (and index/2 (unsigned-byte 32))))
                rehash))

;;;; utilities

;;;; TODOs:
;;;;  - change recursive locks to nonrecursive.
;;;;    This will, I fear, be impossible because we've exposed and documented
;;;;    an API that pretty much tells users that it's ok to create a synchronized
;;;;    table while *also* wrapping any random operation in the table lock.
;;;;    Hence recursion on the lock. (commit b9a1b17b079d315c)
;;;;  - place the 3 or 4 vectors in a separate structure that can be atomically
;;;;    swapped out for a new instance with new vectors. Remove array bounds
;;;;    checking since all the arrays will be tied together.
;;;;  - As a consequence of change 3bdd4d28ed, the compiler started to
;;;;    emit multiple definitions of certain INLINE global functions.
;;;;    Just referencing #'INLINED-FOO can cause genesis failures.

;;; T if and only if table has non-null weakness kind.
(declaim (inline hash-table-weak-p))
(defun hash-table-weak-p (ht)
  (logtest (hash-table-flags ht) hash-table-weak-flag))

;;; Value of :synchronized constructor argument.
(declaim (inline hash-table-synchronized-p))
(defun hash-table-synchronized-p (ht)
  (logtest (hash-table-flags ht) hash-table-synchronized-flag))

;;; Keep in sync with weak_ht_alivep_funs[] in gc-common
(declaim (inline decode-hash-table-weakness))
(defun decode-hash-table-weakness (x)
  ;; The bits of 'weakness' are interpreted as follows:
  ;;   bit 0 : live key forces value to be live
  ;;   bit 1 : live value forces key to be live
  ;;   both  : either forces the other to be live
  ;; :KEY-AND-VALUE has two zero bits, as neither object livens the other
  (aref #(:key-and-value :key :value :key-or-value) x))

;;; Non-NIL if this is some kind of weak hash table. For details see
;;; the docstring of MAKE-HASH-TABLE.
(defun hash-table-weakness (ht)
  "Return the WEAKNESS of HASH-TABLE which is one of NIL, :KEY,
:VALUE, :KEY-AND-VALUE, :KEY-OR-VALUE."
  (and (hash-table-weak-p ht)
       (decode-hash-table-weakness (ht-flags-weakness (hash-table-flags ht)))))

;;; On 32-bit machines, the hashes are positive fixnums, but on
;;; 64-bit, we use 2 more bits though must avoid conflict with
;;; +MAGIC-HASH-VECTOR-VALUE+, which denotes an address-based hash in
;;; HASH-TABLE-HASH-VECTOR.
(deftype clipped-hash () '(unsigned-byte #.+max-hash-table-bits+))

(declaim (inline clip-hash))
(defun clip-hash (hash)
  (ldb (byte #.+max-hash-table-bits+ 0) hash))

(declaim (inline mask-hash))
(defun mask-hash (hash mask)
  (truly-the index (logand mask hash)))

;;; We're using power of two tables which obviously are very sensitive
;;; to the entropy in the low bits in the hash value. We used to
;;; indiscriminately apply PREFUZZ-HASH to the hash value returned by
;;; the real hash function to mix in the high bits. This was
;;; unnecessary and wasteful, so now we only CLIP-HASH. Still, let's
;;; keep this function around for a while in case we find that some
;;; hash functions (e.g. user provided ones) need it.
(declaim (inline prefuzz-hash))
(defun prefuzz-hash (hash)
  (clip-hash (+ (logxor #b11100101010001011010100111 hash)
                (ash hash -3)
                (ash hash -12)
                (ash hash -20))))


;;;; Generic adaptive hashing machinery
;;;;
;;;; See "Adaptive Hashing: Faster Hash Functions with Fewer
;;;; Collisions" (https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10991321).

(declaim (inline hash-table-hash-fun-state))
;; For testing
(export 'hash-table-hash-fun-state)
(defun hash-table-hash-fun-state (table)
  (truly-the fixnum (hash-table-%hash-fun-state table)))

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t t t)
                           (values (sfunction * (values t boolean))
                                   (sfunction * t)
                                   (sfunction * t)))
                pick-table-methods))

(defun set-hash-fun (table hash-fun hash-fun-state)
  (declare (type fixnum hash-fun-state)
           (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
  (cond ((= (hash-table-hash-fun-state table) hash-fun-state)
         nil)
        (t
         (setf (hash-table-hash-fun table) hash-fun)
         (setf (hash-table-%hash-fun-state table) hash-fun-state)
         (setf (values (hash-table-gethash-impl table)
                       (hash-table-puthash-impl table)
                       (hash-table-remhash-impl table))
               (let ((flags (hash-table-flags table)))
                 (pick-table-methods (logtest flags
                                              hash-table-synchronized-flag)
                                     (hash-table-test table) hash-fun-state)))
         t)))

;;; One more bit for TRUNCATED-HASH-P.
(deftype maybe-truncated-hash ()
  ;; The extra bit must still fit into HASH-TABLE-HASH-VECTOR, which
  ;; is (UNSIGNED-BYTE 32).
  '(unsigned-byte #.(the (integer 0 32) (1+ +max-hash-table-bits+))))

(declaim (inline adaptive-hash-fun-state-p))
(defun adaptive-hash-fun-state-p (state)
  (<= 0 state))

;;; Hash KEY again after a hash function change. This is like
;;; HASH-KEY, but it's not inline, and it does not return
;;; ADDRESS-BASED-P because we assume that hash function changes
;;; cannot alter that. Also, we can omit the +HFT-USER-DEFINED+ branch
;;; because user-defined hash functions are never adaptive.
(defun rehash-key (hash-table key hash-fun-state)
  (declare (type hash-table hash-table)
           (type fixnum hash-fun-state)
           (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
  (let ((hash-fun (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table)))
    (the maybe-truncated-hash
         (values (if (adaptive-hash-fun-state-p hash-fun-state)
                     (funcall hash-fun key hash-fun-state)
                     (funcall hash-fun key))))))

(defmacro rehash-key-on-hash-fun-change ((hash (hash-table key)) &body body)
  (check-type hash symbol)
  (once-only ((hash-table hash-table))
    (with-unique-names (orig-state state)
      `(let ((,orig-state (hash-table-%hash-fun-state ,hash-table)))
         (prog1 (progn ,@body)
           (let ((,state (hash-table-%hash-fun-state ,hash-table)))
             (unless (eql (%sxstate-limit ,state) (%sxstate-limit ,orig-state))
               (setq ,hash (rehash-key ,hash-table ,key
                                       (truly-the fixnum ,state))))))))))


;;; EQ hash functions

;;; Define an inline function called NAME, which takes a single KEY
;;; argument and returns 1. its CLIPPED-HASH and 2. whether the hash
;;; is address-based. This requires a call to CLIP-HASH, which may be
;;; unnecessary if the hash is then masked (e.g. to (1- N-BUCKETS))
;;; anyway.
;;;
;;; For this reason, another function called NAME* is defined, which
;;; does not clip the hash and may even return a bignum.
(defmacro define-eq-hash ((name name*) (address &optional state) &body body)
  (with-unique-names (key)
    `(progn
       (declaim (ftype (sfunction (t ,@(when state '(t)))
                                  (values clipped-hash boolean)) ,name))
       (declaim (inline ,name))
       (defun ,name (,key ,@(when state `(,state)))
         (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         ;; It would be ok to pick off SYMBOL here and use its hash
         ;; slot as far as semantics are concerned, but EQ-hash is
         ;; supposed to be the lightest-weight in terms of speed, so
         ;; I'm letting everything use address-based hashing, unlike
         ;; the other standard hash-table hash functions which try use
         ;; the hash slot of certain objects. Note also that as we add
         ;; logic into the EQ-HASH function to decide whether the hash
         ;; is address-based, we either have to replicate that logic
         ;; into rehashing, or else actually call EQ-HASH to decide
         ;; for us. -- DK, 2019-06-22
         ;;
         ;; Use GET-LISP-OBJ-ADDRESS instead of POINTER-HASH so that
         ;; BODY can work with an unboxed word and perhaps be a bit
         ;; faster as a result. Also, we get a bit tighter code with a
         ;; symbol macrolet compared to binding HASH to
         ;; (GET-LISP-OBJ-ADDRESS KEY).
         (symbol-macrolet ((,address (get-lisp-obj-address ,key)))
           (values (clip-hash (ldb (byte #.sb-vm:n-word-bits 0) (progn ,@body)))
                   (sb-vm:is-lisp-pointer (get-lisp-obj-address ,key)))))
       (declaim (inline ,name*))
       (defun ,name* (,key ,@(when state `(,state)))
         (symbol-macrolet ((,address (get-lisp-obj-address ,key)))
           (values (ldb (byte #.sb-vm:n-word-bits 0) (progn ,@body))
                   (sb-vm:is-lisp-pointer (get-lisp-obj-address ,key))))))))

;;; This hash is designed to work well with lisp objects (the common
;;; case) and tolerably with some immediates (fixnums, characters). It
;;; fares badly with SINGLE-FLOATs whose low bits may vary little
;;; (which apparently matters to e.g. FASL-OUTPUT-EQ-TABLE).
(defmacro %eq-hash/mid (address)
  ;; This is equivalent to the old way of calling PREFUZZ-HASH on
  ;; POINTER-HASH because HASH from GET-LISP-OBJ-ADDRESS is shifted
  ;; here an extra SB-VM:N-FIXNUM-TAG-BITS.
  `(+ (logxor #b11100101010001011010100111
              (ash ,address #.(- sb-vm:n-fixnum-tag-bits)))
      (ash ,address #.(- (+ 3 sb-vm:n-fixnum-tag-bits)))
      (ash ,address #.(- (+ 12 sb-vm:n-fixnum-tag-bits)))
      (ash ,address #.(- (+ 20 sb-vm:n-fixnum-tag-bits)))))

;;; This is used in standard non-EQ hash table hash functions
;;; (EQL-HASH, EQUAL-HASH and EQUALP-HASH). EQ hash tables adapt their
;;; hash functions to the actual keys and use the version in
;;; EQ-HASH/COMMON.
(define-eq-hash (eq-hash/non-adaptive eq-hash/non-adaptive*) (address)
  (%eq-hash/mid address))

;;; 16 is a bit higher than the number of bits on a gencgc page. The
;;; exact value is not that important.
(defconstant +eq-hash/small-fixed-shift+ -16)

;;; %EQ-HASH/SMALL is a set of hash functions parameterized by STATE
;;; (the number of bits to right shift). After the flat stage, EQ hash
;;; tables commonly switch to this (see GUESS-EQ-HASH-FUN).
(defmacro %eq-hash/small (address state)
  `(+ (ash ,address (- (truly-the (mod #.sb-vm:n-word-bits) ,state)))
      ;; This interferes with key sets which are pure arithmetic
      ;; progressions but often helps when keys are lisp objects on
      ;; the heap by mixing in some information about the allocation
      ;; page.
      (ash ,address +eq-hash/small-fixed-shift+)))

;;; For EQ hash tables, positive states denote the %EQ-HASH/SMALL
;;; function with a (- STATE) bit right shift.
(defmacro eq-hash/small-state (state)
  `(the (integer 1 (#.sb-vm:n-word-bits)) ,state))

(defmacro eq-hash/small-state-p (state)
  `(plusp ,state))

;;; The HASH-TABLE-%HASH-FUN-STATE for %EQ-HASH/MID in EQ-HASH/COMMON.
;;; FALL-BACK-ON-EQ-HASH and ADAPT-EQ-HASH-FUN-BY-N-COLLISIONS switch
;;; to this hash function if there are too many collisions with
;;; %EQ-HASH/SMALL.
(defconstant +hft-eq-mid+ 0)

;;; This a family of hash functions that dispatches either to
;;; %EQ-HASH/MID or %EQ-HASH/SMALL depending on STATE.
(define-eq-hash (eq-hash/common eq-hash/common*) (address state)
  ;; Instead of having an IF here, we could DEFINE-EQ-HASH
  ;; EQ-HASH/SMALL and EQ-HASH/MID as separate functions with the
  ;; corresponding accessors (DEFINE-HT-GETTER, DEFINE-HT-SETTER,
  ;; DEFINE-REMHASH), but the increased code size is a drag on e.g.
  ;; compiler performance. Crucially, the IF is lifted out of the
  ;; REHASHing loop by WITH-EQ-HASH*-INLINED.
  (if (eq state +hft-eq-mid+)
      (%eq-hash/mid address)
      (%eq-hash/small address state)))

;;; Even though the standard does not require EQ to compare fixnums as
;;; numbers, it is always meaningful to ask whether they are the same
;;; object (imagine a trivial implementation INTERSECTION with :TEST
;;; 'EQ). Thus, EQ hash tables should ideally perform well with all
;;; kinds of objects.
;;;
;;; A hash table may switch its hash function from %EQ-HASH/MID from
;;; to EQ-HASH/SAFE, which handles most key distributions gracefully.
;;; This should be required very rarely, hence it's not in
;;; EQ-HASH/COMMON.
(define-eq-hash (eq-hash/safe eq-hash/safe*) (address)
  ;; Note that while MURMUR3 is a very good general purpose hash
  ;; function, it's not a cryptographic hash. If resisting
  ;; Denial-of-Service attacks on EQ hash tables were a priority, this
  ;; could be easily replaced at little cost.
  (murmur3-fmix-word address))

;;; Evaluate BODY with all calls to EQ-HASH* replaced by inlined calls
;;; to the current hash function as determined by STATE. It is assumed
;;; that the state is not +HFT-FLAT+.
(defmacro with-eq-hash*-inlined ((state &optional count-collisions-p)
                                 &body body)
  `(cond
     ;; %EQ-HASH/SMALL in EQ-HASH/COMMON
     ((eq-hash/small-state-p ,state)
      (macrolet ((eq-hash* (key)
                   (list 'eq-hash/common* key ',state)))
        (let (,@(when count-collisions-p
                  `((,count-collisions-p
                     (> (length index-vector) +flat-limit/eq+)))))
          ,@body)))
     ;; %EQ-HASH/MID in EQ-HASH/COMMON.
     ((eql ,state +hft-eq-mid+)
      (macrolet ((eq-hash* (key)
                   (list 'eq-hash/common* key ',state)))
        ;; The collision counting overhead is not really worth it, so
        ;; we do it only once (right after switching to %EQ-HASH/MID).
        ;; After %EQ-HASH/MID is established, we switch away only if
        ;; the worst case is really bad (upon hitting MAX-CHAIN-LENGTH
        ;; in DEFINE-HT-SETTER).
        (let (,@(when count-collisions-p
                  `((,count-collisions-p (>= (length index-vector) 1024)))))
          ,@body)))
     ((eql ,state +hft-safe+)
      (macrolet ((eq-hash* (key)
                   (list 'eq-hash/safe* key)))
        (let (,@(when count-collisions-p `((,count-collisions-p nil))))
          ,@body)))
     ((eql ,state +hft-non-adaptive+)
      (macrolet ((eq-hash* (key)
                   (list 'eq-hash/non-adaptive* key)))
        (let (,@(when count-collisions-p `((,count-collisions-p nil))))
          ,@body)))
     (t
      (aver nil))))

(deftype almost-word () '(unsigned-byte #.(1- sb-vm:n-word-bits)))

(declaim (inline almost-word-least-zero-bit))
;;; Like SB-C::LEAST-ZERO-BIT but assumes that the top bit is zero.
(defun almost-word-least-zero-bit (x)
  (declare (type word x))
  (1- (integer-length (logxor x (1+ x)))))

(defun guess-eq-hash-fun (table)
  (declare (type hash-table table)
           (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
  (let* ((kv-vector (hash-table-pairs table))
         (a-key-address (get-lisp-obj-address (aref kv-vector 2)))
         (changed-bits 0))
    (declare (type word changed-bits))
    (macrolet
        ((note-changed-bits (key-index)
           ;; This function is called only when growing a hash table,
           ;; so there are no empty slots.
           `(let ((address (get-lisp-obj-address (aref kv-vector ,key-index))))
              (setq changed-bits (logior changed-bits
                                         (logxor a-key-address address))))))
      (loop for key-index upfrom 4 upto 32 by 2 do
        (note-changed-bits key-index)))
    (let ((unchanged-bits (ldb (byte #.sb-vm:n-word-bits 0)
                               (lognot changed-bits))))
      (set-hash-fun
       table #'eq-hash/common
       (let* ((min-right-shift
                (if (= (ldb (byte #.sb-vm:n-fixnum-tag-bits 0)
                            (logand unchanged-bits a-key-address))
                       sb-vm:fixnum-tag-mask)
                    ;; If all the fixnum lowtag bits are 1 for all
                    ;; the keys, then we know there are no
                    ;; fixnums, so we don't need any bits below
                    ;; SB-VM:N-LOWTAG-BITS.
                    sb-vm:n-lowtag-bits
                    sb-vm:n-fixnum-tag-bits))
              (n (+ min-right-shift
                    (almost-word-least-zero-bit
                     (ash unchanged-bits (- min-right-shift))))))
         (eq-hash/small-state (if (= n (- +eq-hash/small-fixed-shift+))
                                  (1- sb-vm:n-word-bits)
                                  n)))))))

;;; Switch to a safer hash function if any. Return whether the hash
;;; function was changed.
(defun fall-back-on-eq-hash (table)
  (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
  (let ((hash-fun-state (hash-table-hash-fun-state table)))
    (cond ((eql hash-fun-state +hft-eq-mid+)
           (set-hash-fun table #'eq-hash/safe +hft-safe+))
          ((plusp hash-fun-state)
           (set-hash-fun table #'eq-hash/common +hft-eq-mid+))
          (t
           nil))))

(defun fall-back-on-eq-hash-and-rehash (table key hash)
  (declare (type hash-table table)
           (type clipped-hash hash))
  (cond ((fall-back-on-eq-hash table)
         (setf (hash-table-next-free-kv table)
               (rehash (hash-table-pairs table) nil
                       (fill (hash-table-index-vector table) 0)
                       (hash-table-next-vector table)
                       table))
         (rehash-key table key (hash-table-hash-fun-state table)))
        (t
         hash)))

;;; Calculate the expected number of empty buckets with a uniformly
;;; random hash.
(declaim (inline expected-n-empty-buckets))
(defun expected-n-empty-buckets (n-keys n-buckets)
  (let ((b (coerce n-buckets 'double-float)))
    ;; https://www.randomservices.org/random/urn/Birthday.html states
    ;; that the expected number of empty buckets ("excluded values") is
    ;; (* B (EXPT (- 1 (/ B)) N-KEYS)). Here we compute a very tight
    ;; upper bound on that (its limit at infinite size), which is
    ;; slightly faster. Use %EXP because bound derivation for EXP
    ;; causes cross compilation failure.
    (* b (%exp (- (/ n-keys b))))))

;;; If we are doing significantly worse than random, then change to a
;;; "safer" hash function.
(defun adapt-eq-hash-fun-by-n-collisions (table n-buckets n-collisions)
  (declare (type fixnum n-buckets n-collisions)
           (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
  (let* ((n-keys (hash-table-%count table))
         (too-many-empty-buckets-p
           (cond ((< n-keys 1024)
                  ;; With small hash tables, the [constant] overhead of
                  ;; the test is proportionally higher, so let's be
                  ;; really quick. This test implies a rather loose upper
                  ;; bound on the expected number of empty buckets. Being
                  ;; so loose here is actually preferrable because the
                  ;; collisions are less costly for cache-resident hash
                  ;; tables.
                  (< (ash n-keys -1) n-collisions))
                 ((< n-keys 4096)
                  ;; A less loose upper bound is implied.
                  (< (- (ash n-keys -1) (ash n-keys -4)) n-collisions))
                 (t
                  (let* ((n-used-buckets (the fixnum (- n-keys n-collisions)))
                         (n-empty-buckets (- n-buckets n-used-buckets)))
                    (< (expected-n-empty-buckets n-keys n-buckets)
                       (* 0.9d0 (float n-empty-buckets 0d0))))))))
    (if too-many-empty-buckets-p
        (fall-back-on-eq-hash table)
        nil)))

(defmacro until-eq-hash-fun-stabilizes ((table state n-collisions
                                         count-collisions-p)
                                        &body body)
  (aver (symbolp count-collisions-p))
  `(loop
     (let ((,state (hash-table-%hash-fun-state ,table))
           (,n-collisions 0))
       (declare (type word ,n-collisions))
       (with-eq-hash*-inlined (,state ,count-collisions-p)
         ,@body)
       (unless (and (not (hash-table-weak-p table))
                    (adapt-eq-hash-fun-by-n-collisions
                     ,table (length index-vector)
                     (truly-the fixnum ,n-collisions)))
         (return)))
     (fill index-vector 0)
     (setq next-free 0)))


;;; EQL hash

(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
  (defconstant-eqx +numeric-widetags+
      (list sb-vm:bignum-widetag sb-vm:ratio-widetag
            sb-vm:double-float-widetag sb-vm:single-float-widetag
            sb-vm:complex-rational-widetag
            sb-vm:complex-single-float-widetag
            sb-vm:complex-double-float-widetag)
    #'equal))

(defmacro eql-hash-defer-to-eq-hash-p (key)
  `(not (%other-pointer-subtype-p
         ,key
         ;; SYMBOLs are deferred to EQ-HASH so that they can be hashed
         ;; address-insensitively. We have to pick off a bunch of
         ;; OTHER-POINTER objects anyway, so there no overhead to
         ;; extending the widetag range by 1 widetag.
         '(,@+numeric-widetags+ ,sb-vm:symbol-widetag))))

;;; Note: We could somewhat easily add SAP-WIDETAG into the list of types
;;; that get a stable hash for EQL tables (via SAP-HASH), however:
;;; - we don't compare SAPs with SAP= when the table's test is EQL,
;;;   so there is no real advantage (nor requirement) to have a hash
;;;   derived from the object's contents.
;;; - I don't imagine that users often store SAPs in hash-tables.
(declaim (inline eql-hash))
(defun eql-hash (key)
  (declare (values clipped-hash boolean))
  (if (not (eql-hash-defer-to-eq-hash-p key))
      ;; NON-NULL-SYMBOL-P skips a test for NIL which is sensible, and we're
      ;; excluding NIL anyway because it's not an OTHER-POINTER.
      ;; To produce the best code for NON-NULL-SYMBOL-P (omitting a lowtag test)
      ;; we need to force the compiler to see that KEY is definitely an
      ;; OTHER-POINTER (cf OTHER-POINTER-TN-REF-P) because %OTHER-POINTER-SUBTYPE-P
      ;; doesn't suffice, though it would be nice if it did.
      (values (clip-hash
               (if (non-null-symbol-p
                    (truly-the (or (and number (not fixnum) #+64-bit (not single-float))
                                   (and symbol (not null)))
                               key))
                   (symbol-hash (truly-the symbol key))
                   (number-sxhash (truly-the number key))))
              nil)
      ;; Consider picking off %INSTANCEP too before using EQ-HASH?
      (eq-hash/non-adaptive key)))


;;;; HASH-TABLE-HASH-FUN-STATEs of ADAPTIVE-EQUAL-HASH. These tell
;;;; %SXHASH and %PSXHASH how much effort to make to calculate a good
;;;; hash (SXSTATE-LIMIT) and what the likely maximum number of keys
;;;; is in any bucket (SXSTATE-MAX-CHAIN-LENGTH).

;;; For testing
(export '(+sxstate-max-chain-length-bits+ +sxstate-limit-bits+
          +highest-sxstate-limit+ make-sxstate sxstate-limit
          sxstate-max-chain-length))

(defconstant +sxstate-max-chain-length-bits+ 4)
(defconstant +sxstate-limit-bits+
  #-64-bit (- (1- sb-vm:n-fixnum-bits) +sxstate-max-chain-length-bits+)
  ;; Chosen for ease of extracting the limit (e.g. AND REG, -2 on
  ;; x86-64).
  #+64-bit 31)
(defconstant +highest-sxstate-limit+ (1- (ash 1 +sxstate-limit-bits+)))

;;; For a hash table with a random hash, N-BUCKETS and the same number
;;; of keys, return an upper bound for the observed maximum chain
;;; length that holds with about probability 0.99.
(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
  (defun max-chain-length (n-buckets)
    ;; Generated with ESTIMATE-UNIFORM-MULTINOMIAL-MAXIMUM-CUTOFF in
    ;; tests/, except that the value at index 2 was decreased from 3
    ;; to 2. See +INITIAL-SXSTATE+ and RAISE-SXSTATE-LIMIT-AND-REHASH
    ;; for related logic.
    (declare (optimize speed #-(or sb-xc-host sb-hash-table-debug) (safety 0)))
    (aref #(1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
            7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9
            9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11
            11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13)
          (integer-length
           (1- (the (integer 4 #.(ash 1 +max-hash-table-bits+))
                    n-buckets))))))

(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
  (declaim (inline make-sxstate))
  (defun make-sxstate (limit max-chain-length)
    (logior (if (< +highest-sxstate-limit+ limit) 0 limit)
            (ash max-chain-length +sxstate-limit-bits+))))

(defconstant +initial-sxstate+ (make-sxstate 4 (max-chain-length 8)))

(declaim (inline %sxstate-limit))
(defun %sxstate-limit (sxstate)
  (ldb (byte +sxstate-limit-bits+ 0) sxstate))

(declaim (inline sxstate-limit))
(defun sxstate-limit (sxstate)
  (let ((limit (%sxstate-limit sxstate)))
    (if (zerop limit)
        most-positive-fixnum
        limit)))

(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
  (declaim (inline sxstate-max-chain-length))
  (defun sxstate-max-chain-length (sxstate)
    (ash sxstate #.(- +sxstate-limit-bits+))))

(declaim (inline sxstate-max-chain-length-reached-p))
(defun sxstate-max-chain-length-reached-p (sxstate chain-length)
  (and
   ;; Pick off the common case quickly. MAX-CHAIN-LENGTHs increase
   ;; monotonically.
   (<= #.(sxstate-max-chain-length +initial-sxstate+) chain-length)
   (<= (sxstate-max-chain-length sxstate) chain-length)))

(defun maybe-adjust-hash-table-max-chain-length (hash-table)
  (declare (type hash-table hash-table))
  (let ((hash-fun (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table)))
    (when (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
            (eq hash-fun #'adaptive-equal-hash))
      (setf (hash-table-%hash-fun-state hash-table)
            (make-sxstate (%sxstate-limit
                           (hash-table-hash-fun-state hash-table))
                          (max-chain-length (length (hash-table-index-vector
                                                     hash-table))))))))


;;;; EQUAL and EQUALP hash functions

;;; Decide if WIDETAG (an OTHER-POINTER) should use SXHASH in EQUAL-HASH
(defmacro equal-hash-sxhash-widetag-p (widetag)
  (let ((list `(,sb-vm:simple-base-string-widetag
                #+sb-unicode ,sb-vm:simple-character-string-widetag
                ,sb-vm:complex-base-string-widetag
                #+sb-unicode ,sb-vm:complex-character-string-widetag
                ,sb-vm:bignum-widetag
                ,sb-vm:ratio-widetag
                ,sb-vm:double-float-widetag
                ,sb-vm:complex-rational-widetag
                ,sb-vm:complex-single-float-widetag
                ,sb-vm:complex-double-float-widetag
                ,sb-vm:simple-bit-vector-widetag
                ,sb-vm:complex-bit-vector-widetag)))
    (let ((mask 0))
      (dolist (i list mask)
        (setf mask (logior mask (ash 1  (ash i -2)))))
      #+64-bit `(logbitp (ash ,widetag -2) ,mask)
      #-64-bit `(let ((bit (ash ,widetag -2)))
                  (if (<= bit 31)
                      (logbitp bit ,(ldb (byte 32 0) mask))
                      (logbitp (- bit 32) ,(ash mask -32)))))))

;; For testing
(export 'truncated-hash-p)
;;; ADAPTIVE-EQUAL-HASH indicates in the highest bit just above
;;; CLIPPED-HASH whether the hash was computed from a truncated
;;; version of the key.
(declaim (inline truncated-hash-p))
(defun truncated-hash-p (hash)
  (logbitp +max-hash-table-bits+ hash))

(declaim (inline set-truncated-hash-p))
(defun set-truncated-hash-p (hash truncatedp-bits)
  (declare (type (or (eql 0) (eql 3)) truncatedp-bits))
  ;; Set not only the truncation bit but also the bit right below to
  ;; avoid any potential conflict with +MAGIC-HASH-VECTOR-VALUE+,
  ;; which has 0 there.
  (logior (clip-hash hash)
          (ash truncatedp-bits #.(1- +max-hash-table-bits+))))

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t t) (values maybe-truncated-hash))
                perhaps-truncated-equal-hash))
(defun perhaps-truncated-equal-hash (key limit)
  (declare (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c::verify-arg-count 0)))
  (let* ((truncatedp-bits 0)
         (hash (%sxhash key (truly-the fixnum limit) (truly-the fixnum limit)
                        :on-truncate (setq truncatedp-bits 3))))
    (set-truncated-hash-p hash truncatedp-bits)))

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t t) (values maybe-truncated-hash boolean))
                adaptive-equal-hash))
(declaim (inline adaptive-equal-hash))
(defun adaptive-equal-hash (key sxstate)
  (declare (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c::verify-arg-count 0)))
  ;; Ultimately we just need to choose between SXHASH or EQ-HASH. As to using
  ;; INSTANCE-SXHASH, it doesn't matter, and in fact it's quicker to use EQ-HASH.
  ;; If the outermost object passed as a key is LIST, then it descends using SXHASH,
  ;; you will in fact get stable hashes for nested objects.
  (if (case (lowtag-of key)
        (#.sb-vm:list-pointer-lowtag t)
        ;; pathnames require SXHASH, all other instances are indifferent.
        (#.sb-vm:instance-pointer-lowtag (pathnamep (truly-the instance key)))
        (#.sb-vm:other-pointer-lowtag
         (if (= (%other-pointer-widetag key) sb-vm:symbol-widetag)
             (return-from adaptive-equal-hash
               (values (clip-hash (symbol-hash (truly-the symbol key))) nil))
             (equal-hash-sxhash-widetag-p (%other-pointer-widetag key)))))
      (values (perhaps-truncated-equal-hash
               key (sxstate-limit (truly-the fixnum sxstate)))
              nil)
      (eq-hash/non-adaptive key)))

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t) (values clipped-hash boolean)) equal-hash))
(defun equal-hash (key)
  (declare (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c::verify-arg-count 0)))
  (if (case (lowtag-of key)
        (#.sb-vm:list-pointer-lowtag t)
        ;; pathnames require SXHASH, all other instances are indifferent.
        (#.sb-vm:instance-pointer-lowtag (pathnamep (truly-the instance key)))
        (#.sb-vm:other-pointer-lowtag
         (if (= (%other-pointer-widetag key) sb-vm:symbol-widetag)
             (return-from equal-hash
               (values (clip-hash (symbol-hash (truly-the symbol key))) nil))
             (equal-hash-sxhash-widetag-p (%other-pointer-widetag key)))))
      (values (clip-hash (sxhash key)) nil)
      (eq-hash/non-adaptive key)))

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t) (values clipped-hash boolean)) equalp-hash))
(defun equalp-hash (key)
  (typecase key
    ;; Types requiring special treatment. Note that PATHNAME and
    ;; HASH-TABLE are caught by the STRUCTURE-OBJECT test.
    ((or array cons number character structure-object)
     (values (clip-hash (psxhash key)) nil))
    (symbol (values (clip-hash (symbol-hash key)) nil))
    ;; INSTANCE at this point means STANDARD-OBJECT and CONDITION,
    ;; since STRUCTURE-OBJECT is recursed into by PSXHASH.
    (instance (values (clip-hash (instance-sxhash key)) nil))
    (t
     (eq-hash/non-adaptive key))))

;;;; user-defined hash table tests

(define-load-time-global *user-hash-table-tests* nil)

(defun register-hash-table-test (name hash-fun)
  (declare (symbol name) (function hash-fun))
  (unless (fboundp name)
    (error "Cannot register ~S has a hash table test: undefined function."
           name))
  (with-single-package-locked-error
      (:symbol name "defining ~S as a hash table test")
    (let* ((test-fun (fdefinition name))
           (this (list name test-fun hash-fun))
           (spec (assoc name *user-hash-table-tests*)))
      (cond (spec
             (unless (and (eq (second spec) test-fun)
                          (eq (third spec) hash-fun))
               (style-warn "Redefining hash table test ~S." name)
               (setf (cdr spec) (cdr this))))
            (t
             (push this *user-hash-table-tests*)))))
  name)

(defmacro define-hash-table-test (name hash-function)
  "Defines NAME as a new kind of hash table test for use with the :TEST
argument to MAKE-HASH-TABLE, and associates a default HASH-FUNCTION with it.

NAME must be a symbol naming a global two argument equivalence predicate.
Afterwards both 'NAME and #'NAME can be used with :TEST argument. In both
cases HASH-TABLE-TEST will return the symbol NAME.

HASH-FUNCTION must be a symbol naming a global hash function consistent with
the predicate, or be a LAMBDA form implementing one in the current lexical
environment. The hash function must compute the same hash code for any two
objects for which NAME returns true, and subsequent calls with already hashed
objects must always return the same hash code.

Note: The :HASH-FUNCTION keyword argument to MAKE-HASH-TABLE can be used to
override the specified default hash-function.

Attempting to define NAME in a locked package as hash-table test causes a
package lock violation.

Examples:

```
;; We want to use objects of type FOO as keys (by their
;; names.) EQUALP would work, but would make the names
;; case-insensitive -- which we don't want.
(defstruct foo (name nil :type (or null string)))

;; Define an equivalence test function and a hash function.
(defun foo-name= (f1 f2) (equal (foo-name f1) (foo-name f2)))
(defun sxhash-foo-name (f) (sxhash (foo-name f)))

(define-hash-table-test foo-name= sxhash-foo-name)

;; #'foo-name would work too.
(defun make-foo-table () (make-hash-table :test 'foo-name=))
```

```
(defun == (x y) (= x y))

(define-hash-table-test ==
  (lambda (x)
    ;; Hash codes must be consistent with test, so
    ;; not (SXHASH X), since
    ;;   (= 1 1.0)                   => T
    ;;   (= (SXHASH 1) (SXHASH 1.0)) => NIL
    ;; Note: this doesn't deal with complex numbers or
    ;; bignums too large to represent as double floats.
    (sxhash (coerce x 'double-float))))

;; #'== would work too
(defun make-number-table () (make-hash-table :test '==))
```"
  (check-type name symbol)
  (if (member name '(eq eql equal equalp))
      (error "Cannot redefine standard hash table test ~S." name)
      (cond ((symbolp hash-function)
             `(register-hash-table-test ',name (symbol-function ',hash-function)))
            ((and (consp hash-function) (eq 'lambda (car hash-function)))
             `(register-hash-table-test ',name #',hash-function))
            (t
             (error "Malformed HASH-FUNCTION: ~S" hash-function)))))

;;;; construction and simple accessors

;;; The smallest table holds 7 items distributed among 8 buckets. So
;;; we allocate 7 k/v pairs = 14 cells + 3 overhead = 17 cells, and at
;;; maximum load the table will have a load factor of 87.5%
(defconstant kv-pairs-overhead-slots 3)
(defconstant bad-next-value #xfefefefe)
;;; This constant is referenced via its name in cold load, so it needs to
;;; be evaluable in the host.
(defconstant +min-hash-table-rehash-threshold+ #.(sb-xc:float 1/16 1.0))

;;; The number of buckets up until which we use a low-overhead, flat
;;; hash table for EQ hash tables.
(defconstant +flat-limit/eq+ 32)
;;; EQL is more costly than EQ, so this limit is lower. This is
;;; somewhat conservative because although e.g. flat GETHASH is a lot
;;; slower above size 16 on BIGNUMs, operations with keys for which
;;; EQL-IMPLIES-EQ-P are still a win up to +FLAT-LIMIT/EQ+.
(defconstant +flat-limit/eql+ 16)

;; The GC will set this to 1 if it moves an address-sensitive key. This used
;; to be signaled by a bit in the header of the kv vector, but that
;; implementation caused some concurrency issues when we stopped
;; inhibiting GC during hash-table lookup.
;;
;; This indicator properly belongs to the k/v vector for at least 2 reasons:
;; - if the vector is on an already-written page but the table is not,
;;   it avoids a write fault when setting to true. This a boon to gencgc
;; - if there were lock-free tables - which presumably operate by atomically
;;   changing out the vector for a new one - whether the vector is bucketized
;;   correctly after GC is an aspect of the vector, not the table
;;
;; We could do it with a single bit by implementing vops for atomic
;; read/modify/write on the header. In C there's sync_or_and_fetch, etc.
(defconstant rehash-stamp-elt 1)
(defmacro kv-vector-rehash-stamp (vector) `(truly-the fixnum (svref ,vector 1)))
(defconstant kv-vector-rehashing 2)

;;; The 'supplement' points to the hash-table if the table is weak,
;;; or to the hash vector if the table is not weak.
;;; Other possible values are NIL for an EQ table, or T for an EQL table.
;;; For a concurrent GC, this element will not require a read barrier because
;;; it must be treated as a strong reference even if the vector is weak.
(defmacro kv-vector-supplement (pairs)
  `(svref ,pairs (1- (length ,pairs))))

(declaim (inline set-kv-hwm)) ; can't setf data-vector-ref
(defun set-kv-hwm (vector hwm) (setf (svref vector 0) hwm))
(defsetf kv-vector-high-water-mark set-kv-hwm)

;;; Make a new key/value vector. Weak tables do not mark the vector as weak
;;; initially, because the vector can't hold a backpointer to the table
;;; since the table hasn't been made yet. (GC asserts that every weak hash-table
;;; storage vector has a table pointer - no exceptions)
;;; Also we can't set the HASHING bit in the header until the vector is prepared,
;;; but if GC occurs meanwhile, it must not move this to a purely boxed page.
;;; But we can set the ALLOC-MIXED bit. That's what it's there for.
(defmacro %alloc-kv-pairs (size)
  `(let* ((nwords
           (truly-the index (+ (* 2 (truly-the index/2 ,size))
                               ,kv-pairs-overhead-slots)))
          (v (truly-the simple-vector
                        (allocate-vector (logior sb-vm::+vector-alloc-mixed-region-bit+
                                                 sb-vm:simple-vector-widetag)
                                         nwords nwords))))
     (declare (optimize
               #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
     (fill v (make-unbound-marker))
     (setf (kv-vector-high-water-mark v) 0)
     (setf (kv-vector-rehash-stamp v) 0)
     ;; If GC observes VECTOR-HASHING-FLAG, it needs to see a valid value
     ;; in the 'supplement' slot. Neither 0 nor +empty-ht-slot+ is valid.
     ;; And if we ever get non-prezeroed-memory to work, this will be even more
     ;; important to do things in the right order.
     (setf (kv-vector-supplement v) nil)
     (logior-array-flags v sb-vm:vector-hashing-flag)
     v))

(defun install-hash-table-lock (table)
  (declare (inline sb-thread:make-mutex))
  (let* ((lock (sb-thread:make-mutex :name "hash-table lock"))
         (oldval (cas (hash-table-%lock (truly-the hash-table table)) nil lock)))
    (if (eq oldval nil) lock oldval)))

(defconstant hash-table-kind-eq     0)
(defconstant hash-table-kind-eql    1)
(defconstant hash-table-kind-equal  2)
(defconstant hash-table-kind-equalp 3)

;;; I don't want to change peoples' assumptions about what operations are threadsafe
;;; on a weak table that was not created as expressly synchronized, so we continue to
;;; create nearly all weak tables as synchronized. With such tables, lock acquisition
;;; might be recursive, because we also told users that they can use
;;; SB-EXT:WITH-LOCKED-HASH-TABLE even with tables that are self-locking.
;;; This results in a really strange design in which it is exceptionally difficult
;;; to plug in standard POSIX mutexes which do not default to being recursive.
;;; To slightly mitigate the problem of assuming all mutexes should be recursive,
;;; some of the system weak hash-table are frobbed to turn off SYNCHRONIZED.
;;; Maybe I can figure out how to make concurrent weak GETHASH threadsafe,
;;; but I've spent a bit of time on it and it is quite difficult.

(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t t t t t t t t) (values hash-table))
                %make-hash-table))

(defun make-hash-table (&key (test 'eql)
                             (size #.+min-hash-table-size+)
                             (rehash-size #.default-rehash-size)
                             (rehash-threshold 1)
                             (hash-function nil user-hashfun-p)
                             (weakness nil)
                             (synchronized))
  "Create and return a new hash table. The keywords are as follows:

  - :TEST

      Determines how keys are compared. Must a designator for one of
      the standard hash table tests, or a hash table test defined
      using SB-EXT:DEFINE-HASH-TABLE-TEST. Additionally, when an
      explicit HASH-FUNCTION is provided (see below), any two argument
      equivalence predicate can be used as the TEST.

  - :SIZE

      A hint as to how many elements will be put in this hash table.

  - :REHASH-SIZE

      Indicates how to expand the table when it fills up. If an
      integer, add space for that many elements. If a floating point
      number (which must be greater than 1.0), multiply the size by
      that amount.

  - :REHASH-THRESHOLD

      Indicates how dense the table can become before forcing a
      rehash. Can be any positive number <=1, with density approaching
      zero as the threshold approaches 0. Density 1 means an average
      of one entry per bucket.

  - :HASH-FUNCTION

      If unsupplied, a hash function based on the TEST argument is
      used, which then must be one of the standardized hash table test
      functions, or one for which a default hash function has been
      defined using SB-EXT:DEFINE-HASH-TABLE-TEST. If HASH-FUNCTION is
      specified, the TEST argument can be any two argument predicate
      consistent with it. The HASH-FUNCTION is expected to return a
      non-negative fixnum hash code. If TEST is neither standard nor
      defined by DEFINE-HASH-TABLE-TEST, then the HASH-FUNCTION must
      be specified.

  - :WEAKNESS

      When :WEAKNESS is not NIL, garbage collection may remove entries
      from the hash table. The value of :WEAKNESS specifies how the
      presence of a key or value in the hash table preserves their
      entries from garbage collection.

      Valid values are:

      - :KEY means that the key of an entry must be live to guarantee
        that the entry is preserved.

      - :VALUE means that the value of an entry must be live to
        guarantee that the entry is preserved.

      - :KEY-AND-VALUE means that both the key and the value must be
        live to guarantee that the entry is preserved.

      - :KEY-OR-VALUE means that either the key or the value must be
        live to guarantee that the entry is preserved.

      - NIL (the default) means that entries are always preserved.

  - :SYNCHRONIZED

      If NIL (the default), the hash-table may have multiple
      concurrent readers, but results are undefined if a thread writes
      to the hash-table concurrently with another reader or writer. If
      T, all concurrent accesses are safe, but note that CLHS
      3.6 (Traversal Rules and Side Effects) remains in force. See
      also: SB-EXT:WITH-LOCKED-HASH-TABLE."
  (declare (type (or function symbol) test))
  (declare (type unsigned-byte size))
  (let* ((size (max +min-hash-table-size+
                    ;; Our table sizes are capped by the 32-bit
                    ;; integers used as indices into the chains.
                    ;; Prevent our code from failing if the user
                    ;; specified most-positive-fixnum here. (fndb says
                    ;; that size is 'unsigned-byte')
                    (min size (ash 1 24)))) ; 16M key/value pairs
         (rehash-size (if (integerp rehash-size)
                          rehash-size

                          (float rehash-size 1.0))) ; always single-float
         (rehash-threshold (max #.+min-hash-table-rehash-threshold+
                                (float rehash-threshold 1.0)))) ; always single-float
    (multiple-value-bind (kind test test-fun hash-fun hash-fun-state)
        (cond ((or (eq test #'eq) (eq test 'eq))
               (if weakness
                   (values 0 'eq #'eq #'eq-hash/non-adaptive +hft-non-adaptive+)
                   (values 0 'eq #'eq #'eq-hash/common +hft-eq-mid+)))
              ((or (eq test #'eql) (eq test 'eql))
               (values 1 'eql #'eql #'eql-hash +hft-non-adaptive+))
              ((or (eq test #'equal) (eq test 'equal))
               (values 2 'equal #'equal #'adaptive-equal-hash
                       +initial-sxstate+))
              ((or (eq test #'equalp) (eq test 'equalp))
               (values 3 'equalp #'equalp #'equalp-hash +hft-non-adaptive+))
              (t
               (dolist (info *user-hash-table-tests*
                             (flet ((proper-name (fun &aux (name (%fun-name fun)))
                                      (if (and (symbolp name) (fboundp name) (eq (symbol-function name) fun))
                                          name
                                          fun)))
                               (if hash-function
                                   (if (functionp test)
                                       (values -1 (proper-name test) test nil +hft-user-defined+)
                                       (values -1 test (%coerce-callable-to-fun test) nil +hft-user-defined+))
                                   (error "Unknown :TEST for MAKE-HASH-TABLE: ~S" test))))
                 (destructuring-bind (test-name test-fun hash-fun) info
                   (when (or (eq test test-name) (eq test test-fun))
                     (return (values -1 test-name test-fun hash-fun +hft-user-defined+)))))))
      (cond (user-hashfun-p
             ;; It is permitted to specify a custom hash function with
             ;; any of the standard predicates. This forces use of the
             ;; generalized table methods.
             (setq hash-fun (%coerce-callable-to-fun hash-function)
                   hash-fun-state +hft-user-defined+
                   kind -1))
            ;; There is no flat implementation for weak hash tables,
            ;; and only EQ and EQL are reliably fast enough for it to
            ;; work well.
            ((and (null weakness)
                  (or (and (eql kind 0) (<= size +flat-limit/eq+))
                      (and (eql kind 1) (<= size +flat-limit/eql+))))
             (setq hash-fun #'hash/flat
                   hash-fun-state +hft-flat+)))
      (%make-hash-table
       ;; compute flags. The stored KIND bits don't matter for a user-supplied hash
       ;; and/or test fun, however we don't want to imply that it is an EQ table
       ;; because EQ tables don't get a hash-vector allocated.
       (logior (if weakness
                   (or (loop for i below 4
                             when (eq (decode-hash-table-weakness i) weakness)
                             do (return (pack-ht-flags-weakness i)))
                       (unreachable))
                   0)
               (pack-ht-flags-kind (logand kind 3)) ; kind -1 becomes 3
               (if (or weakness synchronized) hash-table-synchronized-flag 0)
               (if (eql kind -1) hash-table-userfun-flag 0))
       test test-fun hash-fun hash-fun-state
       size rehash-size rehash-threshold))))

(defmacro make-index-vector (n)
  `(let ((a (make-array ,n :element-type 'hash-table-index
                           :initial-element 0)))
     a))

(defun validate-index-vector (tbl reason)
  (let* ((iv (hash-table-index-vector tbl))
         (pairs (hash-table-pairs tbl))
         (npairs (length pairs)))
    (dovector (indexval iv)
      (when (> (* 2 indexval) npairs)
        (bug "~a: Busted index vector on ~S, pairlen=~d 2*index=~d"
             reason tbl npairs (* 2 indexval))))))

(defun %make-hash-table (flags test test-fun hash-fun hash-fun-state
                         size rehash-size rehash-threshold)
  (declare (type single-float rehash-threshold))
  (binding* (
           ;; KLUDGE: The most natural way of expressing the below is
           ;; (round (/ (float size) rehash-threshold)), and indeed
           ;; it was expressed like that until 0.7.0. However,
           ;; MAKE-HASH-TABLE is called very early in cold-init, and
           ;; the SPARC has no primitive instructions for rounding,
           ;; but only for truncating; therefore, we fudge this issue
           ;; a little. The other uses of truncate, below, similarly
           ;; used to be round. -- CSR, 2002-10-01
           ;;
           ;; Note that this has not yet been audited for
           ;; correctness. It just seems to work. -- CSR, 2002-11-02
           (scaled-size (truncate (/ (float size 1.0) rehash-threshold)))
           (bucket-count (power-of-two-ceiling
                          (max scaled-size +min-hash-table-size+)))
           (weakp (logtest flags hash-table-weak-flag))
           ;; Non-weak tables created with no options other than :TEST
           ;; are allocated at 0 size. Weak tables are complicated enough,
           ;; so just do their usual thing.
           (defaultp (and (not weakp) (= size +min-hash-table-size+)))
           (index-vector
            (if defaultp
                #.(sb-xc:make-array 2 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 32)
                                    :initial-element 0)
                (make-index-vector bucket-count)))
           (kv-vector (if defaultp #(0 0 nil) (%alloc-kv-pairs size)))
           ;; Needs to be the half the length of the KV vector to link
           ;; KV entries - mapped to indices at 2i and 2i+1 -
           ;; together.
           ;; We don't need this to be initially 0-filled, so don't specify
           ;; an initial element (in case we ever meaningfully distinguish
           ;; between don't-care and 0-fill)
           (next-vector (if defaultp
                            #.(sb-xc:make-array 0 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 32))
                            (make-array (1+ size) :element-type 'hash-table-index
                                        ;; For testing, preload huge values for all 'next' elements
                                        ;; so that we generate an error if any is inadvertently read
                                        ;; above the high-water-mark for the k/v vector.
                                        #+sb-devel :initial-element #+sb-devel bad-next-value)))
           (table-kind (ht-flags-kind flags))
           (userfunp (logtest flags hash-table-userfun-flag))
           ;; same here - don't care about initial contents
           (hash-vector (when (or userfunp (>= table-kind 2))
                          (if defaultp
                              #.(sb-xc:make-array 1 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 32))
                              (make-array (1+ size) :element-type 'hash-table-index))))
           ((getter setter remover)
            (if weakp
                (values #'gethash/weak #'puthash/weak #'remhash/weak)
                (pick-table-methods (logtest flags hash-table-synchronized-flag)
                                    (if userfunp nil test) hash-fun-state)))
           (table
            (if (or (/= rehash-threshold 1) (/= rehash-size default-rehash-size) userfunp weakp)
                (%alloc-general-hash-table flags getter setter remover hash-fun-state
                                           test test-fun hash-fun
                                           rehash-size rehash-threshold
                                           kv-vector index-vector next-vector hash-vector)
                (%alloc-hash-table flags getter setter remover hash-fun-state test-fun hash-fun
                                   kv-vector index-vector next-vector hash-vector))))
      (declare (type index scaled-size))
      ;; The trailing metadata element is either the table itself or the hash-vector
      ;; depending on weakness. Non-weak hashing vectors can be GCed without looking
      ;; at the table. Weak hashing vectors need the table.
      ;; As a special-case, non-weak tables with EQL hashing put T in this slot.
      ;; GC can't get the table kind since it doesn't have access to the table.
      (cond (defaultp
             ;; Stash the desired size for the first time the vectors are grown.
             (setf (hash-table-cache table) (- size)
                   ;; Cause the overflow logic to be invoked on the first insert.
                   (hash-table-next-free-kv table) 0))
            (t
             (setf (kv-vector-supplement kv-vector)
                   (if weakp
                       table
                       (or hash-vector (= table-kind hash-table-kind-eql))))
             (when weakp
               (logior-array-flags kv-vector (logior sb-vm:vector-hashing-flag
                                                  sb-vm:vector-weak-flag)))))
      (when (logtest flags hash-table-synchronized-flag)
        (install-hash-table-lock table))
    table))

;;; a "plain" hash-table has nothing fancy: default size, default growth rate,
;;; not weak, not synchronized, not a user-defined hash fun and/or comparator.
(defun make-hash-table-using-defaults (kind)
  (declare ((integer 0 3) kind)
           (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))  ; skip FBOUNDP checks
  (multiple-value-bind (test test-fun hash-fun hash-fun-state)
      (case kind
        ((0) (values 'eq #'eq #'hash/flat +hft-flat+))
        ((1) (values 'eql #'eql #'hash/flat +hft-flat+))
        ((2) (values 'equal #'equal #'adaptive-equal-hash
                     +initial-sxstate+))
        ((3) (values 'equalp #'equalp #'equalp-hash +hft-non-adaptive+)))
   (%make-hash-table (pack-ht-flags-kind kind)
                     test test-fun hash-fun hash-fun-state
                     +min-hash-table-size+
                     #.default-rehash-size
                     1.0))) ; rehash threshold

;;; We don't expose HASH-TABLE-%COUNT directly because it is SETFable.
(defun hash-table-count (hash-table)
  "Return the number of entries in the given HASH-TABLE."
  (declare (type hash-table hash-table)
           (values index))
  (hash-table-%count hash-table))

(setf (documentation 'hash-table-rehash-size 'function)
      "Return the rehash-size HASH-TABLE was created with.")

(setf (documentation 'hash-table-rehash-threshold 'function)
      "Return the rehash-threshold HASH-TABLE was created with.")

(setf (documentation 'hash-table-synchronized-p 'function)
      "Returns T if HASH-TABLE is synchronized.")

(declaim (inline hash-table-pairs-capacity))
(defun hash-table-pairs-capacity (pairs)
  (ash (- (length pairs) kv-pairs-overhead-slots) -1))

(defun hash-table-size (hash-table)
  "Return a size that can be used with MAKE-HASH-TABLE to create a hash
   table that can hold however many entries HASH-TABLE can hold without
   having to be grown."
  (let ((n (hash-table-pairs-capacity (hash-table-pairs hash-table))))
    (if (= n 0) +min-hash-table-size+ n)))

(setf (documentation 'hash-table-test 'function)
      "Return the test HASH-TABLE was created with.")

(defun signal-corrupt-hash-table (hash-table)
  (error "Unsafe concurrent operations on ~A detected." hash-table))
;;; Called when we detect circular chains in a hash-table.
(defun signal-corrupt-hash-table-bucket (hash-table)
  (error "Corrupt NEXT-chain in ~A. This is probably caused by ~
multiple threads accessing the same hash-table without locking."
         hash-table))


;;;; Flat hash tables (https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10991321)
;;;;
;;;; For the smallest sizes, EQ and EQL hash tables forego most of the
;;;; complex machinery and use the kv vector with a simple linear
;;;; search. This can be seen as a constant hash function with a
;;;; specialized implementation. For EQUAL, EQUALP and user-defined
;;;; test functions, we don't use flat tables because the extra calls
;;;; to them could be very costly.
;;;;
;;;; For convenience (e.g. to have MAPHASH work the same way), the
;;;; layout of the kv vector is almost the same as with normal hash
;;;; tables:
;;;;
;;;; - At index 0, we have the KV-VECTOR-HIGH-WATER-MARK.
;;;;
;;;; - At index 1, where KV-VECTOR-REHASH-STAMP normally resides, we
;;;;   have nothing.
;;;;
;;;; - Alternating keys and values follow.
;;;;
;;;; - The last element (KV-VECTOR-SUPPLEMENT) is not used.
;;;;
;;;; Importantly, no flags are set on the kv vector, so it is just a
;;;; plain vector as far as the GC is concerned.

(declaim (inline flat-hash-table-p))
;; For testing
(export 'flat-hash-table-p)
(defun flat-hash-table-p (table)
  (eql (hash-table-%hash-fun-state table) +hft-flat+))

;;; This gets installed in HASH-TABLE-HASH-FUN but is never called.
(defun hash/flat (address)
  (declare (ignore address))
  (aver nil))

;;; See if KEY can only be EQL to some other object if they are EQ.
;;; EQL flat hash tables use this to elide %EQL's type checking within
;;; the loop. Same as EQL-HASH-DEFER-TO-EQ-HASH-P except that it also
;;; includes symbols.
(defmacro eql-implies-eq-p (key)
  `(not (%other-pointer-subtype-p ,key +numeric-widetags+)))

(defmacro define-gethash/flat (name test &optional use-eq-pred)
  ;; Maintaining HASH-TABLE-CACHE is not worth it here.
  `(defun ,name (key table default)
     (declare (optimize speed)
              #-sb-hash-table-debug
              (optimize (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)
                        (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
     (let* ((hash-table (truly-the hash-table table))
            (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
            (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector)))
       (if ,(cond ((eq test 'eq) nil)
                  (use-eq-pred `(not (,use-eq-pred key)))
                  (t t))
           (let ((limit (* hwm 2)))
             (loop for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
                   when (,test key (aref kv-vector i))
                     return (values (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) t)
                   finally (return (values default nil))))
           ;; For EQ, unroll the loop a tiny bit.
           (let* ((hwm/2 (ash hwm -1))
                  (limit (* hwm/2 4))
                  (i 2))
             (tagbody
                (loop while (<= i limit)
                      do (when (eq key (aref kv-vector i))
                           (go found))
                         (incf i 2)
                         (when (eq key (aref kv-vector i))
                           (go found))
                         (incf i 2))
                (when (and (logtest hwm 1) (eq key (aref kv-vector i)))
                  (go found))
                (return-from ,name (values default nil))
              found
                (return-from ,name
                  (values (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) t))))))))

(define-gethash/flat gethash/eq-hash/flat eq)
(define-gethash/flat gethash/eql-hash/flat %eql eql-implies-eq-p)

(defmacro define-puthash/flat (name test &optional use-eq-pred)
  `(defun ,name (key hash-table value)
     (declare (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0))
              (type hash-table hash-table))
     (let* ((kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
            (empty-kv-index 0)
            (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
            (count (hash-table-%count hash-table)))
       (declare (type index empty-kv-index))
       (if (= count hwm)
           ;; No empty slots below HWM.
           (if ,(cond ((eq test 'eq) nil)
                      (use-eq-pred `(not (,use-eq-pred key)))
                      (t t))
               (let ((limit (* hwm 2)))
                 (loop for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
                       do (let ((ht-key (aref kv-vector i)))
                            (when (,test key ht-key)
                              (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) value)
                              (return-from ,name value)))))
               ;; For EQ, unroll the loop a tiny bit.
               (let* ((hwm/2 (ash hwm -1))
                      (limit (* hwm/2 4))
                      (i 2))
                 (tagbody
                    (loop while (<= i limit)
                          do (when (eq key (aref kv-vector i))
                               (go found))
                             (incf i 2)
                             (when (eq key (aref kv-vector i))
                               (go found))
                             (incf i 2))
                    (when (and (logtest hwm 1) (eq key (aref kv-vector i)))
                      (go found))
                    (go not-found)
                  found
                    (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) value)
                    (return-from ,name value)
                  not-found)))
           (let ((limit (* hwm 2)))
             (if ,(cond ((eq test 'eq) nil)
                        (use-eq-pred `(not (,use-eq-pred key)))
                        (t t))
                 (loop for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
                       do (let ((ht-key (aref kv-vector i)))
                            (when (,test key ht-key)
                              (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) value)
                              (return-from ,name value))
                            (when (empty-ht-slot-p ht-key)
                              (setq empty-kv-index i))))
                 (loop for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
                       do (let ((ht-key (aref kv-vector i)))
                            (when (eq key ht-key)
                              (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) value)
                              (return-from ,name value))
                            (when (empty-ht-slot-p ht-key)
                              (setq empty-kv-index i)))))))
       (when (and (zerop empty-kv-index)
                  (= hwm (hash-table-pairs-capacity kv-vector)))
         (if (zerop (grow-hash-table hash-table key 0))
             ;; It's still a flat hash table without KEY but a new
             ;; kv-vector.
             (setq kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
             ;; The new puthash implementation will inevitably find
             ;; that KEY is not there.
             (return-from ,name (funcall (hash-table-puthash-impl hash-table)
                                         key hash-table value))))
       (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
         (incf (hash-table-%count hash-table)))
       (when (zerop empty-kv-index)
         (setf (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector) (1+ hwm))
         (setq empty-kv-index (truly-the index (* 2 (1+ hwm)))))
       (setf (aref kv-vector empty-kv-index) key)
       (setf (aref kv-vector (truly-the index (1+ empty-kv-index)))
             value))))

(define-puthash/flat puthash/eq-hash/flat eq)
(define-puthash/flat puthash/eql-hash/flat %eql eql-implies-eq-p)

(defmacro define-remhash/flat (name test &optional use-eq-pred)
  `(defun ,name (key table)
     (declare (optimize speed)
              #-sb-hash-table-debug
              (optimize (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)
                        (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
     (let* ((hash-table (truly-the hash-table table))
            (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
            (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
            (limit (* 2 hwm)))
       (if ,(if use-eq-pred `(,use-eq-pred key) nil)
           (loop for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
                 do (let ((ht-key (aref kv-vector i)))
                      (when (eq key ht-key)
                        (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug
                                                    (safety 0)))
                          (decf (hash-table-%count hash-table)))
                        (setf (aref kv-vector i) +empty-ht-slot+
                              (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) +empty-ht-slot+)
                        (return-from ,name t))))
           (loop for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
                 do (let ((ht-key (aref kv-vector i)))
                      (when (,test key ht-key)
                        (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug
                                                    (safety 0)))
                          (decf (hash-table-%count hash-table)))
                        (setf (aref kv-vector i) +empty-ht-slot+
                              (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) +empty-ht-slot+)
                        (return-from ,name t)))))
       nil)))

(define-remhash/flat remhash/eq-hash/flat eq)
(define-remhash/flat remhash/eql-hash/flat %eql eql-implies-eq-p)

;;; Flat tables do not track address-sensitivity
;;; (SB-VM:VECTOR-ADDR-HASHING-FLAG), so we must compute it when
;;; switching.
(defun compute-flat-hash-address-hashing-p (table)
  (declare (optimize speed)
           #-sb-hash-table-debug
           (optimize (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)
                     (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
  (let* ((hash-table (truly-the hash-table table))
         (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
         (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
         (limit (* 2 hwm)))
    (if (eq (hash-table-test table) 'eq)
        (loop
          for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
          do (let ((key (aref kv-vector i)))
               (when (sb-vm:is-lisp-pointer (get-lisp-obj-address key))
                 (return t))))
        (loop
          for i upfrom 2 upto limit by 2
          do (let ((key (aref kv-vector i)))
               (when (and (sb-vm:is-lisp-pointer (get-lisp-obj-address key))
                          (eql-hash-defer-to-eq-hash-p key))
                 (return t)))))))


;;;; accessing functions

;;; Clear rehash bit and bump the rolling count, wrapping around to keep it a fixnum.
;;; need-to-rehash is indicated by a stamp of #b______01 ; INITIAL-STAMP
;;; which is changed during rehash to         #b______10 ; REHASHING-STAMP
;;;                       rolling count --------^^^^^^ (some number of bits)
(defmacro done-rehashing (table kv-vector initial-stamp)
  (declare (ignorable table))
  `(let ((rehashing-stamp (1+ ,initial-stamp))
         ;; new stamp has the "count" field bumped up by 1, and the low 2 bits are 0.
         (new-stamp (sb-vm::+-modfx ,initial-stamp 3)))
     #+hash-table-metrics (aver (= (logand ,initial-stamp #b11) #b01))
     ;; Assigning new stamp races with GC which might set the 'rehash' (low) bit again.
     ;; At most one more attempt is needed since no other state change can occur -
     ;; we don't need to keep trying to achieve a state in which 'rehash' is clear.
     (let ((old (cas (svref ,kv-vector rehash-stamp-elt) rehashing-stamp new-stamp)))
       (unless (eq old rehashing-stamp)
         (aver (eq old (logior rehashing-stamp 1)))
         #+hash-table-metrics (atomic-incf (hash-table-n-rehash-again ,table))
         ;; Bump the count field, but leave the least-significant bit on.
         (aver (eq old (cas (svref ,kv-vector rehash-stamp-elt) old (logior new-stamp 1))))))))

;;; Rehash in one of two scenarios:
;;; - up-sizing a table, be it weak or not
;;; - rehashing a weak table due to  key movement
;;; Absent is the case of rehashing a non-weak table due to key movement.
;;; That is special-cased in %REHASH-AND-FIND which does both at once as its name implies.
;;; Note that this will never be called on a KV-VECTOR with the weakness bit set.
;;; Therefore we can use SVREF in lieu of WEAK-KVV-REF for weak tables.
(macrolet
    ((push-in-chain (bucket-index-expr)
       `(let ((bucket (the index ,bucket-index-expr)))
          (setf (aref next-vector i) (aref index-vector bucket)
                (aref index-vector bucket) i)))
     (push-in-chain-and-count-collisions (bucket-index-expr n-collisions)
       `(let* ((bucket (the index ,bucket-index-expr))
               (index (aref index-vector bucket)))
          #-x86-64
          (unless (eq index 0)
            (incf ,n-collisions))
          ;; Branchless, unboxed version
          #+x86-64
          (incf ,n-collisions (sb-vm::zero-or-one index))
          (setf (aref next-vector i) index)
          (setf (aref index-vector bucket) i)))
     (with-key-and-updated-next-vector ((key-var) &body body)
       ;; If KEY-VAR is empty, then push onto the freelist, otherwise
       ;; invoke BODY.
       `(let* ((key-index (* 2 i))
               (,key-var (aref kv-vector key-index)))
          (if (empty-ht-slot-p ,key-var)
              (setf (aref next-vector i) next-free next-free i)
              (progn ,@body)))))

(defun rehash (kv-vector hash-vector index-vector next-vector table
               &aux (next-free 0)
                    (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector)))
  (declare (simple-vector kv-vector)
           (type (simple-array hash-table-index (*)) next-vector index-vector)
           (type (or null (simple-array hash-table-index (*))) hash-vector)
           (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
  (aver (not (flat-hash-table-p table)))
  ;; Cases ordered for performance.
  (if (null hash-vector)
      (if (eq (hash-table-test table) 'eq)
          (until-eq-hash-fun-stabilizes (table state n-collisions
                                               count-collisions-p)
            (let ((mask (1- (length index-vector))))
              ;; Scan backwards so that chains are in ascending index order.
              (do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
                (declare (type index/2 i)
                         (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
                (with-key-and-updated-next-vector (key)
                  (if count-collisions-p
                      (push-in-chain-and-count-collisions
                       (mask-hash (eq-hash* key) mask)
                       n-collisions)
                      (push-in-chain (mask-hash (eq-hash* key) mask)))))))
          (let ((mask (1- (length index-vector))))
            (do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
              (declare (type index/2 i)
                       (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
              (with-key-and-updated-next-vector (key)
                (push-in-chain (mask-hash (eql-hash key) mask))))))
      (let ((mask (1- (length index-vector))))
        (do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
          (declare (type index/2 i)
                   (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
          (with-key-and-updated-next-vector (key)
            (let* ((stored-hash (aref hash-vector i))
                   (hash (if (/= stored-hash +magic-hash-vector-value+)
                             ;; Use the existing hash value (not
                             ;; address-based hash).
                             stored-hash
                             (eq-hash/non-adaptive* key))))
              (push-in-chain (mask-hash hash mask)))))
        (maybe-adjust-hash-table-max-chain-length table)))
  ;; This is identical to the calculation of next-free-kv in
  ;; INSERT-AT.
  ;;
  ;; Note that when called from GROW-HASH-TABLE, there are no empty
  ;; slots below HWM, so testing for them in
  ;; WITH-KEY-AND-UPDATED-NEXT-VECTOR is a waste, but it's an almost
  ;; immeasurably small one. -- MG, 2024-01-26
  (truly-the (and index/2 (unsigned-byte 32))
             (cond ((/= next-free 0) next-free)
                   ((= hwm (hash-table-pairs-capacity kv-vector)) 0)
                   (t (1+ hwm)))))

;;; For ADAPTIVE-EQUAL-HASH, double the truncation length and rehash.
;;; Because truncated hashes can change, this involves calling the
;;; hash function again and updating HASH-TABLE-HASH-VECTOR.
(declaim (ftype (sfunction (t t t) (values maybe-truncated-hash))
                raise-sxstate-limit-and-rehash))
(defun raise-sxstate-limit-and-rehash (table key hash)
  (declare (optimize speed)
           #-sb-hash-table-debug
           (optimize (sb-c::verify-arg-count 0)
                     (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
  (let* ((table (truly-the hash-table table))
         (hash (truly-the maybe-truncated-hash hash))
         (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs table))
         (n-keys (hash-table-%count table))
         (sxstate (hash-table-hash-fun-state table))
         (max-chain-length (max-chain-length (1+ n-keys)))
         (stamp (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector)))
    (cond
      ;; The current MAX-CHAIN-LENGTH may be too low.
      ;; MAYBE-ADJUST-HASH-TABLE-MAX-CHAIN-LENGTH adjusts it as the
      ;; hash table grows, but there may be no growth for a while for
      ;; hash tables created with :SIZE, or after a CLRHASH, or when
      ;; the hash table count is below the minimum size.
      ((< (sxstate-max-chain-length sxstate) max-chain-length)
       (setf (hash-table-%hash-fun-state table)
             (make-sxstate (%sxstate-limit sxstate) max-chain-length))
       hash)
      ((and
        ;; If KV-VECTOR-REHASH-STAMP was odd at the beginning of
        ;; puthash (because GC moved a key), then we could have missed
        ;; a matching key, and there may be no increase in chain
        ;; length, so just bail out. Do the same if the rehashing bit
        ;; is set.
        (not (logtest stamp #b11))
        (eq (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug
                                        (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
              (cas (svref kv-vector rehash-stamp-elt)
                   ;; Move to rehashing state (#b______10).
                   stamp (truly-the fixnum (+ stamp 2))))
            stamp))
       (let* ((index-vector (hash-table-index-vector table))
              (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector table))
              (hash-vector (hash-table-hash-vector table))
              (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
              (mask (1- (length index-vector)))
              (next-free 0)
              (n-collisions 0)
              (has-truncated-flag 0)
              (limit (sxstate-limit sxstate)))
         (declare (type (simple-array hash-table-index (*)) hash-vector)
                  (type word n-collisions)
                  (type bit has-truncated-flag)
                  (type fixnum limit)
                  (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
         (loop
           do (fill index-vector 0)
              (setq limit (* 2 limit))
              (when (< +highest-sxstate-limit+ limit)
                (setq limit most-positive-fixnum))
              (macrolet
                  ((rehash-truncated (hash-fun-name)
                     `(do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
                        (declare (type index/2 i)
                                 (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
                        (with-key-and-updated-next-vector (key)
                          (let ((hash
                                  (let ((stored-hash (aref hash-vector i)))
                                    (cond ((/= stored-hash +magic-hash-vector-value+)
                                           (when (truncated-hash-p stored-hash)
                                             (setq stored-hash (,hash-fun-name key limit))
                                             (setq has-truncated-flag
                                                   (logior has-truncated-flag
                                                           (the bit (ash stored-hash #.(- +max-hash-table-bits+)))))
                                             (setf (aref hash-vector i) stored-hash))
                                           stored-hash)
                                          (t
                                           (eq-hash/non-adaptive* key))))))
                            (push-in-chain-and-count-collisions
                             (mask-hash hash mask) n-collisions))))))
                (rehash-truncated perhaps-truncated-equal-hash))
              ;; Must not have truncation when there is no limit.
              (aver (or (zerop has-truncated-flag)
                        (/= limit most-positive-fixnum)))
           while (and (not (zerop has-truncated-flag))
                      (let ((n-buckets (1+ mask)))
                        (< (expected-n-empty-buckets n-keys n-buckets)
                           (- n-buckets (- n-keys (* 0.9d0 (truly-the fixnum (1- n-collisions))))))))
           do (setq next-free 0
                    n-collisions 0
                    has-truncated-flag 0))
         (setf (hash-table-%hash-fun-state table)
               (make-sxstate limit max-chain-length))
         (setf (hash-table-next-free-kv table)
               (cond ((/= next-free 0) next-free)
                     ((= hwm (hash-table-pairs-capacity kv-vector)) 0)
                     (t (1+ hwm))))
         (done-rehashing table kv-vector
                         ;; DONE-REHASHING wants a #b______01
                         ;; "initial-stamp" here.
                         (truly-the fixnum (1+ stamp)))
         (perhaps-truncated-equal-hash key limit)))
      (t
       hash))))

;;; Rehash due to key movement, and find KEY at the same time.
;;; Finding the key obviates the need for the rehashing thread to loop
;;; testing whether to rehash. Imagine an unlucky schedule wherein each rehash
;;; ends up invalid due to maximally bad timing of GC, and every reader sees
;;; nothing but 'need-to-rehash', and the INDEX vector is repeatedly overwritten
;;; with zeros. The -AND-FIND aspect of this ensures progress.
(defun %rehash-and-find (table epoch key
                         &aux (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs table))
                              (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector table))
                              (hash-vector (hash-table-hash-vector table))
                              (rehashing-state (1+ epoch)))
  (declare (hash-table table) (fixnum epoch))
  #+hash-table-metrics (atomic-incf (hash-table-n-rehash+find table))
  ;; Verify some invariants prior to disabling array bounds checking
  (aver (not (flat-hash-table-p table)))
  (aver (>= (length kv-vector) #.(+ (* 2 +min-hash-table-size+)
                                    kv-pairs-overhead-slots)))
  (aver (= (ash (length kv-vector) -1) (length next-vector)))
  (when hash-vector
    (aver (= (length hash-vector) (length next-vector))))
  ;; Empty cells must be in the free chain already, and no smashed cells exist.
  (when (typep table 'general-hash-table)
    (aver (null (hash-table-smashed-cells table))))
  ;; Must not permit the rehashing state to stick due to a nonlocal exit.
  ;; All further normal use of the table would be prevented.
  (without-interrupts
   ;; Transitioning from #b01 to #b10 clears the 'rehash' bit and sets the
   ;; rehash-in-progress bit. It also gives this thread exclusive write access
   ;; to the bucket chains since at most one thread can win this CAS.
   (when (eq (cas (svref kv-vector rehash-stamp-elt) epoch rehashing-state) epoch)
     ;; Rehash in place. For the duration of the rehash, readers who otherwise
     ;; might have seen intact chains (by which to find address-insensitive keys)
     ;; can't. No big deal. If we were willing to cons new vectors, we could
     ;; rehash into them and CAS them in, but the advantage would be minimal-
     ;; obsolete chains could only work for a possibly-empty subset of keys.
     ;; Leave the free cell chain untouched, since rehashing
     ;; due to key movement can not possibly affect that chain.
     (let* ((index-vector (hash-table-index-vector table))
            (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
            (result 0))
       (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug
                          (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
       (fill index-vector 0)
       (macrolet ((with-key ((key-var) &body body)
                    ;; Process body only if KEY-VAR is nonempty, and also look
                    ;; for a probed key that is EQ to KEY.
                    `(let* ((key-index (* 2 i))
                            (,key-var (aref kv-vector key-index)))
                       (unless (empty-ht-slot-p ,key-var)
                         (when (eq ,key-var key) (setq result key-index))
                         ,@body))))
         (cond
           (hash-vector
            (let ((mask (1- (length index-vector))))
              (do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
                (declare (type index/2 i)
                         (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
                (with-key (pair-key)
                  (let* ((stored-hash (aref hash-vector i))
                         (hash (if (/= stored-hash +magic-hash-vector-value+)
                                   stored-hash
                                   (eq-hash/non-adaptive* pair-key))))
                    (push-in-chain (mask-hash hash mask)))))))
           ((eq (hash-table-test table) 'eql)
            (let ((mask (1- (length index-vector))))
              (do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
                (declare (type index/2 i)
                         (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
                (with-key (pair-key)
                  (push-in-chain (mask-hash (eql-hash pair-key) mask))))))
           (t
            ;; No hash vector and not an EQL table, so it's an EQ table
            (let ((state (hash-table-hash-fun-state table)))
              (with-eq-hash*-inlined (state)
                (let ((mask (1- (length index-vector))))
                  (do ((i hwm (1- i))) ((zerop i))
                    (declare (type index/2 i)
                             (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
                    (with-key (pair-key)
                      (push-in-chain (mask-hash (eq-hash* pair-key) mask))))))))))
       (done-rehashing table kv-vector epoch)
       (unless (eql result 0)
         (setf (hash-table-cache table) result))
       result))))
) ; end MACROLET

(defun %recompute-ht-vector-sizes (rehash-size old-size)
  ;; Compute new vector lengths for the table, extending the table based on the
  ;; rehash-size.
  (declare (type (integer 1 (#.(ash 1 +max-hash-table-bits+))) old-size))
  (let* ((new-size
           (typecase rehash-size
             (single-float
              ;; This is the more common case by far, and we take some
              ;; pains to tell TRUNCATE that the result fits in a
              ;; fixnum.
              (let ((new-size/float
                      ;; These magic constants are (FLOAT (ASH 1
                      ;; +MAX-HASH-TABLE-BITS+)).
                      (the (single-float * #-64-bit 5.368709e8
                                           #+64-bit 2.1474836e9)
                           (truly-the (single-float 1.0)
                                      (* rehash-size old-size)))))
                (max (truncate new-size/float)
                     ;; Ensure that the size grows, e.g. for
                     ;; (TRUNCATE (* 14 1.01)) => 14.
                     (1+ old-size))))
             (fixnum (+ rehash-size old-size))))
         (new-n-buckets
           (let ((pow2ceil (power-of-two-ceiling new-size)))
             ;; If the default rehash-size was employed, let's try to keep the
             ;; load factor (LF) within a reasonable band. Otherwise don't bother.
             ;; The motivation for this decision is twofold:
             ;; - if using defaults, it would be ideal to attempt to be nominally
             ;;   conscientious of the 1.5x resize amount.
             ;; - we can't really accommodate arbitrary resize amounts, especially if small.
             ;;   (power-of-2 sizing can't do that- doubling is the only possibility)
             ;;   But we can produce the smallest table consistent with the request.
             ;;   Say e.g. REHASH-SIZE was 2 using the default initial size of 14.
             ;;   Resizing computes 16 k/v pairs which coincides exactly with
             ;;   16 buckets (the nearest power of 2). But if we wish to avoid 100% load,
             ;;   what can we do? Re-double the bin count to 32? Decrease the k/v pair count
             ;;   to 15? Clearly neither of those make sense if the user is trying to say
             ;;   that (s)he wants 2 entries more which means "don't increase by a lot".
             ;;   Changing from 8 buckets (at the old size) to 32 buckets is a lot,
             ;;   so why do that? Conversely, it makes no sense to reduce the k/v pair
             ;;   limit just to keep the LF less than 100%. A similar problem occurs
             ;;   if you specify 1.001 or other float near 1.
             ;;   Anyway, chaining supports load factors in excess of 100%
             (when (eql rehash-size default-rehash-size)
               (let* ((pow2ceil (float pow2ceil))
                      (full-lf (/ new-size pow2ceil)))
                 (cond ((> full-lf 0.9)
                        ;; If we're going to decrease the size, make sure we definitely
                        ;; don't decrease below the old size.
                        (setq new-size (floor (* 0.85 pow2ceil)))) ; target LF = 85%
                       ((< full-lf 0.55)
                        (setq new-size (floor (* 0.65 pow2ceil))))))) ; target LF = 65%
             pow2ceil)))
    (values new-size new-n-buckets)))

;;; Cache the expensive computation of RECOMPUTE-HT-VECTOR-SIZES for
;;; when REHASH-SIZE is the default.

(defconstant +cache-default-ht-sizes-below+ 1024)

(declaim (type (simple-array fixnum (#.(* 2 +cache-default-ht-sizes-below+)))
               *default-ht-sizes*))
(define-load-time-global *default-ht-sizes* nil)
#-sb-xc-host
(!cold-init-forms
 (setq *default-ht-sizes*
       (let ((v (make-array (* 2 +cache-default-ht-sizes-below+)
                            :element-type 'fixnum)))
         (loop for size upfrom 1 below +cache-default-ht-sizes-below+
               do (multiple-value-bind (new-size new-n-buckets)
                      (%recompute-ht-vector-sizes default-rehash-size size)
                    (setf (aref v (* 2 size)) new-size
                          (aref v (1+ (* 2 size))) new-n-buckets)))
         v)))

(defun recompute-ht-vector-sizes (table)
  (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
  (let* ((table (truly-the hash-table table))
         (old-size (hash-table-pairs-capacity (hash-table-pairs table)))
         (rehash-size (hash-table-rehash-size table)))
    (if (and (floatp rehash-size)
             (= rehash-size default-rehash-size)
             (< old-size +cache-default-ht-sizes-below+))
        (let ((default-ht-sizes *default-ht-sizes*))
          (values (aref default-ht-sizes (* 2 old-size))
                  (aref default-ht-sizes (1+ (* 2 old-size)))))
        (%recompute-ht-vector-sizes rehash-size old-size))))

(defmacro allocating-for-hash-table ((hash-table) &body body)
  #-system-tlabs (declare (ignore hash-table))
  #-system-tlabs `(progn ,@body)
  #+system-tlabs
  ;; If allocation was directed off the main heap when this table was
  ;; made, then we assume that reallocation will allocate off the
  ;; heap. If the old table is in dynamic space, then the new storage
  ;; should be forced to dynamic space even if the user TLAB currently
  ;; points outside of dynamic space.
  ;;
  ;; The reason for looking at TABLE here and not its storage, is that
  ;; MAKE-HASH-TABLE can install a k/v pair vector that does not
  ;; inform us where the table is:
  ;;
  ;; (heap-allocated-p (sb-impl::hash-table-pairs (make-hash-table)))
  ;; => :READ-ONLY
  ;;
  ;; The read-only vector is an optimization reducing the size of
  ;; never-used tables down to the absolute minimum.
  `(if (dynamic-space-obj-p ,hash-table)
       (locally (declare (sb-c::tlab :system))
         ,@body)
       (progn ,@body)))

#+nil
(declaim (inline weak-eq-std-hash-table-p))
#+nil
(defun weak-eq-std-hash-table-p (table)
  (= (logand (hash-table-flags table)
             #.(logior hash-table-weak-flag ht-flags-kind-mask
                       hash-table-userfun-flag))
     hash-table-weak-flag))

;;; Enlarge TABLE.  If it is weak, then both the old and new vectors are temporarily
;;; made non-weak so that we don't have to deal with GC-related shenanigans.
(defun grow-hash-table (table key hash)
  (declare (type hash-table table)
           (type maybe-truncated-hash hash))
  (flet
      ;; Return KV-VECTOR NEXT-VECTOR HASH-VECTOR INDEX-VECTOR)
      ((realloc (size n-buckets initial-stamp &aux (hash-vector-p (hash-table-hash-vector table)))
         (declare (type (integer 0 #.(- array-dimension-limit 2)) size n-buckets)
                  (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c::type-check 0)))
         (let ((size+1 (1+ size)))
           (allocating-for-hash-table (table)
             (values (%alloc-kv-pairs size)
                     (make-array size+1 :element-type 'hash-table-index
                                 ;; for robustness testing, as explained in %MAKE-HASH-TABLE
                                 #+sb-devel :initial-element #+sb-devel bad-next-value)
                     (when hash-vector-p
                       (make-array size+1 :element-type 'hash-table-index))
                     (let ((old-index-vector (hash-table-index-vector table)))
                       ;; When the index vector is not
                       ;; growing and hashes are valid,
                       ;; rehashing _may_ not be necessary.
                       (if (and (eq n-buckets (length old-index-vector))
                                (not (logtest 3 initial-stamp)))
                           old-index-vector
                           (make-index-vector n-buckets))))))))
    (binding* ((new-table-p (= (hash-table-%count table) 0))
               ((new-size new-n-buckets)
                (if new-table-p
                    ;; For new tables, CACHE holds the desired initial
                    ;; size. Read it and then set it to a bogusly high
                    ;; value.
                    (binding* ((size (- (hash-table-cache table)))
                               (scaled-size (truncate (/ (float size) (hash-table-rehash-threshold table)))))
                      (values size (power-of-two-ceiling (max scaled-size +min-hash-table-size+))))
                    (recompute-ht-vector-sizes table)))
               (is-eql (eq (hash-table-test table) 'eql))
               (old-flat-p (flat-hash-table-p table))
               (new-flat-p (and old-flat-p (<= new-n-buckets
                                               (if is-eql
                                                   +flat-limit/eql+
                                                   +flat-limit/eq+))))
               (old-kv-vector (hash-table-pairs table))
               (hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark old-kv-vector)))
      ;; Rehash + resize only occurs when:
      ;;  (1) every usable pair was at some point filled (so HWM = SIZE)
      ;;  (2) no cells below HWM are available (so COUNT = SIZE)
      (aver (= hwm (hash-table-pairs-capacity old-kv-vector)))
      (when (and (not (hash-table-weak-p table))
                 (/= (hash-table-%count table) hwm))
        (signal-corrupt-hash-table table))
      (when new-flat-p
        (aver old-flat-p)
        ;; Flat hash tables use less memory because they have no
        ;; INDEX-VECTOR and NEXT-VECTOR, so we can grow them more
        ;; aggressively. In particular, we use NEW-N-BUCKETS (instead
        ;; of NEW-SIZE) pairs. It so happens that for both EQ and EQL
        ;; with +MIN-HASH-TABLE-SIZE+ and DEFAULT-REHASH-SIZE the size
        ;; progression differs from what it would be without flat
        ;; tables only until size 108. So, whether a hash table starts
        ;; out as flat or not does not introduce performance jitter
        ;; above that size.
        (let ((new-kv-vector (allocating-for-hash-table (table)
                               (make-array (+ kv-pairs-overhead-slots
                                              (* 2 new-n-buckets))))))
          (unless new-table-p
            (replace new-kv-vector old-kv-vector))
          (aver (< (length old-kv-vector) (length new-kv-vector)))
          (setf (hash-table-pairs table) new-kv-vector)
          ;; Flat hash tables do not maintain NEXT-FREE-KV.
          (return-from grow-hash-table (values 0 hash))))
      (binding* ((initial-stamp (kv-vector-rehash-stamp old-kv-vector))
                 ((new-kv-vector new-next-vector new-hash-vector new-index-vector)
                  (realloc new-size new-n-buckets initial-stamp)))
        (declare (type simple-vector new-kv-vector)
                 (type (simple-array hash-table-index (*)) new-next-vector new-index-vector))
        (when new-table-p
          (setf (kv-vector-supplement new-kv-vector) (or new-hash-vector is-eql)
                (hash-table-pairs table) new-kv-vector
                (hash-table-index-vector table) new-index-vector
                (hash-table-next-vector table) new-next-vector
                (hash-table-hash-vector table) new-hash-vector)
          (return-from grow-hash-table (values 1 hash)))
        (let ((old-addr-hashing-p
                (if old-flat-p
                    (compute-flat-hash-address-hashing-p table)
                    (test-header-data-bit old-kv-vector
                                          (ash sb-vm:vector-addr-hashing-flag
                                               sb-vm:array-flags-data-position)))))

          (unless old-flat-p
            ;; Copy over the hash-vector,
            ;; This is done early because when GC scans the new vector, it needs to see
            ;; each hash to know which keys were hashed address-sensitively.
            (awhen (hash-table-hash-vector table)
              (replace (the (simple-array hash-table-index (*)) new-hash-vector)
                       it :start1 1 :start2 1))) ; 1st element not used

          ;; The high-water-mark remains unchanged.
          ;; Set this before copying pairs, otherwise they would not be seen
          ;; in the new vector since GC scanning ignores elements below the HWM.
          (setf (kv-vector-high-water-mark new-kv-vector) hwm)
          ;; Reference the hash-vector from the KV vector.
          ;; Normally a weak hash-table's KV vector would reference the table
          ;; (because cull needs to examine the table bucket-by-bucket), and
          ;; not the hash-vector directly. But we can't reference the table
          ;; since using the table's hash-vector gets the OLD hash vector.
          ;; It might be OK to point the table at the new hash-vector now,
          ;; but I'd rather the table remain in a consistent state, in case we
          ;; ever devise a way to allow concurrent reads with a single writer,
          ;; for example.
          (setf (kv-vector-supplement new-kv-vector)
                (or new-hash-vector (eq (hash-table-test table) 'eql)))

          ;; Here and also in FINDHASH-WEAK, we keep the
          ;; SB-VM:VECTOR-ADDR-HASHING-FLAG. If a hash table is
          ;; address-based at any time, it'll remain so until CLRHASH
          ;; even if all address-based keys had been removed. This
          ;; allows rehashing to do less work and makes EQ hash tables
          ;; a few percents faster. In the rare case where the flag
          ;; errs on the side of conservativeness, the GC needs to do
          ;; a bit more work. If this ever becomes a problem, maybe
          ;; the GC can detect this and clear the flag. -- MG,
          ;; 2023-10-13
          (when (and old-addr-hashing-p (not new-flat-p))
            (logior-array-flags new-kv-vector sb-vm:vector-addr-hashing-flag))

          ;; Copy the k/v pairs excluding leading and trailing metadata.
          (replace new-kv-vector old-kv-vector
                   :start1 2 :start2 2 :end2 (* 2 (1+ hwm)))

          ;; If the index hasn't grown, try to avoid rehashing.
          (when (eq new-index-vector (hash-table-index-vector table))
            (let ((old-next-vector (hash-table-next-vector table)))
              (replace new-next-vector old-next-vector
                       :start1 1 :start2 1 :end1 (1+ hwm)))
            ;; We know from REALLOC that the hashes were valid and no
            ;; rehashing was in progress, but a GC that happened before
            ;; REPLACE above might have marked only OLD-KV-VECTOR (and not
            ;; NEW-KV-VECTOR) as needs-rehash, in which case we must do a
            ;; normal rehash after all. Note that looking at the low two
            ;; bits of the stamp is not enough here because they could
            ;; have been cleared already in another thread.
            (when (or (/= (kv-vector-rehash-stamp old-kv-vector) initial-stamp)
                      (not (zerop (kv-vector-rehash-stamp new-kv-vector))))
              (setq new-index-vector (make-index-vector new-n-buckets))))

          ;; Preserve only the 'hashing' bit on the OLD-KV-VECTOR so that
          ;; its high-water-mark can meaningfully be reduced to 0 when done.
          ;; Clearing the address-sensitivity is a performance improvement
          ;; since GC won't check on a per-key basis whether to flag the vector
          ;; for rehash (it's going to be zeroed out).
          ;; Clearing the weakness causes all entries to stay alive.
          ;; Furthermore, clearing both makes the trailing metadata ignorable.
          (assign-vector-flags old-kv-vector sb-vm:vector-hashing-flag)
          (setf (kv-vector-supplement old-kv-vector) nil)

          (let ((next-free
                  (cond ((eq new-index-vector (hash-table-index-vector table))
                         (let ((old-next-free (hash-table-next-free-kv table)))
                           (if (/= 0 old-next-free)
                               old-next-free
                               (1+ hwm))))
                        (t
                         ;; Before doing a full rehash, maybe change
                         ;; the hash function.
                         (rehash-key-on-hash-fun-change (hash (table key))
                           (cond (old-flat-p
                                  (if is-eql
                                      (set-hash-fun table #'eql-hash
                                                    +hft-non-adaptive+)
                                      (guess-eq-hash-fun table)))
                                 ;; Weak hash tables are non-adaptive currently.
                                 #+nil
                                 ((and (weak-eq-std-hash-table-p table)
                                       ;; Guess at most once.
                                       (= (length (hash-table-index-vector table))
                                          16))
                                  (guess-eq-hash-fun table)))
                           (rehash new-kv-vector new-hash-vector
                                   new-index-vector new-next-vector table))))))
            (setf (hash-table-pairs table)        new-kv-vector
                  (hash-table-hash-vector table)  new-hash-vector
                  (hash-table-index-vector table) new-index-vector
                  (hash-table-next-vector table)  new-next-vector
                  (hash-table-next-free-kv table) next-free)

            (when (hash-table-weak-p table)
              (setf (hash-table-smashed-cells table) nil)
              ;; Now that the table points to the right hash-vector
              ;; we can set the vector's backpointer and turn it weak.
              (setf (kv-vector-supplement new-kv-vector) table)
              (logior-array-flags new-kv-vector sb-vm:vector-weak-flag))

            ;; Zero-fill the old kv-vector. For weak hash-tables this removes the
            ;; strong references to each k/v. For non-weak vectors there is no technical
            ;; reason to do this except for safety. GC will not scavenge past the high water
            ;; mark, but if you had your hands on the old vector and decide to dereference
            ;; it (which is probably indicates a data race), you could deference a dangling
            ;; pointer. In other words, even if the vector were considered a root,
            ;; it wouldn't matter from a heap consistency perspective because it would
            ;; not transitively enliven anything, but you can't stop people from using
            ;; SVREF on it past the high water mark. To make things safe,
            ;; we sort of have to zero-fill.
            ;; Also fwiw, it would be necessary to fix verify_range() to understand
            ;; that it MUST NOT verify past the hwm, and similary the low-level debugger
            ;; if we didn't zero-fill.
            ;; Or, if we could trust people not to look at the old vector, we could just
            ;; change the widetag into simple-array-word instead of scribbling over it.
            (unless old-flat-p
              (fill old-kv-vector 0 :start 2 :end (* (1+ hwm) 2))
              (setf (kv-vector-high-water-mark old-kv-vector) 0))
            (values next-free hash)))))))

(defun gethash (key hash-table &optional default)
  "Finds the entry in HASH-TABLE whose key is KEY and returns the
associated value and T as multiple values, or returns DEFAULT and NIL
if there is no such entry. Entries can be added using SETF."
  (declare (type hash-table hash-table)
           (values t (member t nil)))
  (gethash3 key hash-table default))

;;; Define a specialized variation of GETHASH3 for a standard test fun,
;;; or the general case.
;;; A note about in the inner loop: the secondary value of the hash function
;;; indicates whether an address was taken, which implies that we should use EQ
;;; as the comparator, but it is not an "if and only if" - other objects can be
;;; compared by EQ, for example symbols and fixnums.

;;; The code below could be further tweaked by doing a few things:
;;; - removing the probing limit check
;;; - skipping array bounds checks
;;; - eliminating some multiply-by-2 operations
;;; The first two are easy enough. The last means that we would
;;; rejigger the INDEX + NEXT vectors to contain physical elt indices.
;;; We could define safe and unsafe variants of each getter, and an "unsafe"
;;; variant of MAKE-HASH-TABLE that installs the unsafe getter.
;;; A source transform would select the variant of MAKE-HASH-TABLE by policy.

(eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel :execute)
  ;; macroexpander helper functions. These rely on a naming convention
  ;; to keep things simple so that we don't have to pass in the names
  ;; of local variables to bind. (Being unhygienic on purpose)

  (defun ht-hash-setup (hash-fun-name stateful-hash-p)
    (cond ((null hash-fun-name)
           (aver (not stateful-hash-p))
           '((hash (clip-hash (the fixnum
                               (funcall (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table) key))))
             (address-based-p nil)))
          (stateful-hash-p
           `(((hash address-based-p)
              ;; Access the state directly else the compiler would box it.
              (,hash-fun-name key (hash-table-%hash-fun-state hash-table)))))
          (t
           `(((hash address-based-p) (,hash-fun-name key))))))

  (defun ht-probe-setup (std-fn &optional more-bindings)
    `((index-vector (hash-table-index-vector hash-table))
      ;; BUCKET is the masked hash code which acts as the index into index-vector
      (bucket (mask-hash hash (1- (length index-vector))))
      ;; INDEX is the index into the pairs vector obtained from the index-vector
      (index (aref index-vector bucket))
      (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector hash-table))
      ;; Binding of HASH-VECTOR would be flushed for EQ and EQL tables
      ;; automatically, but we forcibly elide some code because "reasons"
      ;; so we need to avoid "unused variable warnings" by eliding this
      ;; binding as well.
      ,@(unless (member std-fn '(eq eql))
          '((hash-vector (truly-the
                          (simple-array hash-table-index (*))
                          (hash-table-hash-vector hash-table)))))
      ,@(when (member std-fn '(nil *))
          '((test-fun (hash-table-test-fun hash-table))))
      (probe-limit (length next-vector))
      ,@more-bindings))

  (defun ht-probing-should-use-eq (std-fn)
    (ecase std-fn ; try to strength-reduce the test for this key
      (eq 't) ; always use EQ
      (eql
       ;; EQL vs EQ only matters for numbers which aren't immediate.
       ;; Not worth the trouble to get single-float in here for 64-bit.
       '(or address-based-p (typep key '(or (not number) fixnum))))
      (equal
       ;; EQUAL and EQUALP hash function say that symbols are NOT address-sensitive
       ;; - which they aren't, as they use the SYMBOL-HASH slot, unlike EQ-HASH
       ;; which takes the address - but we want to compare symbols by EQ.
       ;; As to NON-NULL-SYMBOL, it's just slightly quicker than also testing for NIL,
       ;; because it's not an important case and SYMBOLP uses more instructions.
       ;; This is similar in philosophy to the EQL branch where I don't care whether
       ;; single float (on 64-bit) is or isn't compared by EQ.
       ;; A more thorough test of whether EQUALP strength-reduces to EQ
       ;; would be something like
       ;; (or (fixnump key)
       ;;     (not (typep key '(or cons string pathname bit-vector number)))))
       ;; but it's unclear to me whether we should spend time up front deciding
       ;; to reduce everything to EQ that could be reduced. The test here
       ;; is about half as much code as the (not (typep ...)) expression.
       ;; There is diminishing payoff from listing other types.
       '(or address-based-p
            (fixnump key)
            (non-null-symbol-p key)
            (and (%instancep key)
                 ;; Pathnames are descended into by EQUAL.
                 (not (logtest (layout-flags (%instance-layout key))
                               +pathname-layout-flag+)))))
      (equalp
       '(or address-based-p
            (non-null-symbol-p key)
            (and (%instancep key)
                 ;; Structures incl. PATHNAME and HASH-TABLE are descended into.
                 (not (logtest (layout-flags (%instance-layout key))
                               +structure-layout-flag+)))))
      ((nil)
       ;; If the hash-function is nonstandard, it's nonetheless possible
       ;; to use EQ as the comparator.
       '(eq (hash-table-test hash-table) 'eq))))

  ;; Keyword args:
  ;; - ENDP-TEST when true says that the probing loop is unrolled, and a test
  ;;   for the end of the chain is ORed into the key comparison.
  ;;   At worst, we compare the key against the value 0 (in the 0th element
  ;;   of the k/v vector) which is just a dummy value, since filled indices
  ;;   begin at 1.
  ;; - HASH-TEST when :STRICT (the default) says that for tables with hash vectors,
  ;;   we can use the computed hash as a guard before calling the predicate,
  ;;   and (AREF HASH-VECTOR i) is definitely not +MAGIC-HASH-VECTOR-VALUE+
  ;;   in that case.
  ;;   If HASH-TEST is :PERMISSIVE, then the stored value might be the magic
  ;;   value which is considered a match to anything.
  ;;
  ;; GETHASH and PUTHASH always know whether to look in HASH-VECTOR or not,
  ;; because for any given key, either it does or does not have an address-based
  ;; hash. The probing loop is unswitched on that grounds. If the hash isn't an
  ;; address, then we compare hashes before calling a predicate. If the hash is
  ;; an address, then we devolve to EQ in the loop, and never compare hashes.
  ;; Hence, unswitching should result in a performance gain for EQUAL and EQUALP
  ;; that become like EQ, as well as eliding any expensive predicate call where
  ;; the result would be NIL.
  ;;
  ;; The :PERMISSIVE hash check is needed in REMHASH, which performs one
  ;; key comparison prior to unswitching the remainder of the probing loop.
  ;; This is due to the first entry in a chain needing to be handled separately.
  ;; Consider it like destructively deleting the initial cons in a list - RPLACD
  ;; can't do that operation. So the first comparison might be on a key whose
  ;; stored hash is +MAGIC-HASH-VECTOR-VALUE+.  Just ignore that stored hash.
  ;;
  ;; Also, a minor exception to the above: EQL tables don't compare hashes
  ;; because no performance gain is obtained. The hash vector exists solely
  ;; to inform GC whether each key was hashed address-sensitively.
  (defun ht-key-compare (std-fn pair-index &key endp-test (hash-test :strict))
    (declare (type (member :strict :permissive) hash-test))
    ;; STD-FN = NIL says that's definitely a user-defined hash function,
    ;; and * says that it could be either standard or user-defined.
    (let* ((is-same-hash `(= hash (aref hash-vector ,pair-index)))
           (hashcompare
            (case std-fn
              ((equal equalp)
               (if (eq hash-test :strict)
                   is-same-hash
                   `(let ((stored-hash (aref hash-vector ,pair-index)))
                      (or (= stored-hash hash)
                          (= stored-hash +magic-hash-vector-value+)))))
              ;; We do not give users a way to have some keys be address-sensitive
              ;; when they define their own hash function. Therefore, _any_ user-defined
              ;; table has a hash-vector, even if comparison is done by EQ.
              ;; (You might want EQ comparison on "intelligent" hashes as opposed
              ;; to "opaque" hashes like an address or stable randomly-assigned value.)
              ;; Moreover, every hash-value in the vector is something other than
              ;; +MAGIC-HASH-VECTOR-VALUE+, because nothing is address-based.
              ;; The nuance of address-based versus EQ-based is subtle,
              ;; but hopefully the variable naming in the code is clear enough now.
              ((nil) is-same-hash)
              ((*)
               (error "Obsolete case - remove me?") ; was it for weak tables maybe?
               `(or (null hash-vector) ,is-same-hash))))
           (keycompare
            (case std-fn
              ;; Use the inline EQL function
              (eql `(%eql key (aref kv-vector (* 2 ,pair-index))))
              ((nil *) `(funcall test-fun key (aref kv-vector (* 2 ,pair-index))))
              (t `(,std-fn key (aref kv-vector (* 2 ,pair-index))))))
           (compare
            (if hashcompare `(and ,hashcompare ,keycompare) keycompare)))
      (cond ((not endp-test) compare)
            ;; For standard general predicates, compare the key before checking
            ;; whether probing must terminate (index = 0). For user predicates
            ;; that might accept only strings, for example, check index first.
            ;; This way, a hit on the first probe avoids one test for standard
            ;; tests. Index is post-checked to deem it a hit or miss.
            (std-fn `(or ,compare (eql ,pair-index 0)))
            (t `(or (eql ,pair-index 0) ,compare))))))

;;; CAUTION: I think this macro could falsely signal a corrupt chain.
;;; Consider what would happen if there is a reader (started first),
;;; and a rehasher. The reader didn't rehash, because if it thought it needed to,
;;; it would have. But as it's reading, a GC can occur, setting need-to-rehash.
;;; Then another reader comes along, seeing the flag, so it modifies the chains
;;; just as the first reader is following 'next' pointers.
;;; Could this cause the first reader to probe too much? Maybe.
;;; I think we should terminate probing after a number of tries determined
;;; by the length of the longest chain, which we can track in PUTHASH.
;;; If not found, examine the rehash-stamp and maybe restart.
;;; But don't draw an inference that the chains are bad.
(defmacro check-excessive-probes (n-probes)
  `(when (minusp (decf (truly-the fixnum probe-limit) ,n-probes))
     (signal-corrupt-hash-table-bucket hash-table)))

(defmacro ht-probe-advance (var)
  `(setq ,var (truly-the index/2 (aref next-vector ,var))))


#|
The 'stamp' in our k/v vector is an amalgamation of a fast-read-lock
(almost like in 'frlock.lisp' but using a different implementation)
plus a single-bit spinlock protecting the counter from multiple writers.
As the comments in frlock file explain, it is not required to have a
counter for before and after writing. You only need 1 counter, which
the writer bumps up before mutation of the data guarded by the frlock.

The lowest bit of the stamp is atomically set by GC if it moved a key,
and atomically cleared by Lisp after refreshing the bucket chains.
The bit at position 1 is the spinlock, which is also equivalent
to "rehash in progress". (It can be assumed that as soon as the spinlock
is locked, at least one bucket has been messed up)

An interesting point about this spinlock is that it does not guard the k/v cells,
it only guards the bucket chains. Waiters do not need to "spin" when they can't
acquire the lock, because they can still read the k/v cells.

00 = valid hashes
01 = an address-sensitive key moved
10 = rehashing in progress
11 = rehashing + an address-sensitive key moved

'nnnn' is the timestamp ("epoch"). If it changed to MMMM then we can't
reason about the status bits, so restart from the top.

Pre-       Post-     Miss
loookup    lookup    Action
-------    -------   ------
nnnn 00    nnnn 0_   valid (KEY is pinned, so don't care if hashes became invalid)
nnnn 00    nnnn 1_   linear scan (another thread is messsing up the bucket chains)
nnnn 00    MMMM __   restart (chains are in an indeterminate state)

nnnn 01    nnnn 01   valid if not address-sensitive, otherwise rehash and find
nnnn 01    nnnn 1_   linear scan (another thread is messing up the bucket chains)
nnnn 01    MMMM __   restart (chains are in an indeterminate state)

nnnn 1_    any       linear scan (don't try to read when rehash already in progress)
|#

(defmacro define-ht-getter (name std-fn hash-fun-name &optional stateful-hash-p)
  ;; For synchronized GETHASH we've already acquired the lock,
  ;; so this KV-VECTOR is the most current one.
  `(defun ,name (key table default
                     &aux (hash-table (truly-the hash-table table))
                          (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
     (declare (optimize speed)
              #-sb-hash-table-debug
              (optimize (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)
                        (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
     (let ((index (hash-table-cache hash-table)))
       ;; When INDEX is negative (implies that the hash table is
       ;; empty), we could return DEFAULT here, but that is an overall
       ;; performance loss. Maybe it's worth it to start with a
       ;; GETHASH/EMPTY getter. -- MG, 2023-10-12
       ;;
       ;; First check the cache using EQ, not the test fun, for speed.
       (when (and (plusp index) (eq (aref kv-vector index) key))
         (return-from ,name (values (aref kv-vector (1+ index)) t))))
     (with-pinned-objects (key)
       (binding* (,@(ht-hash-setup hash-fun-name stateful-hash-p)
                  (eq-test ,(ht-probing-should-use-eq std-fn)))
         (flet ((hash-search (&aux ,@(ht-probe-setup std-fn))
                  (declare (index/2 index))
                  ;; Search next-vector chain for a matching key.
                  (if eq-test
                      (macrolet ((probe ()
                                   '(if ,(ht-key-compare 'eq 'index :endp-test t)
                                        (return index)
                                        (ht-probe-advance index))))
                        (loop (probe) (probe) (probe) (probe)
                              ;; Optimistically assuming we hit the key, this check
                              ;; never executes. The exact boundary case doesn't matter
                              ;; (this might allow a few too many iterations),
                              ;; but as long as we can detect circularity, it's fine.
                              (check-excessive-probes 4)))
                      ;; We get too many "unreachable code" notes for my liking,
                      ;; if this branch is unconditionally left in.
                      ,(unless (eq std-fn 'eq)
                         `(macrolet ((probe ()
                                       '(if ,(ht-key-compare std-fn 'index :endp-test t)
                                            (return index)
                                            (ht-probe-advance index))))
                            ;; In the case of EQL, we get most bang-for-buck (performance per
                            ;; line of asm code) by inlining EQL, not by loop unrolling,
                            ;; but we might as well unroll a little bit to lessen the impact
                            ;; of check-for-overflow.
                            ;; You can experiment with unrolling here easily enough.
                            ,(if (eq std-fn 'eql)
                                 '(loop (probe) (probe) (check-excessive-probes 2))
                                 '(loop (probe) (check-excessive-probes 1))))))))
           (named-let retry ((initial-stamp (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector)))
             ;; Taking out either of these barriers will cause failure of
             ;; PARALLEL-READERS-EQUAL-TABLE on relaxed memory order CPUs.
             ;; The paired :WRITE barrier is either in the stop-the-world handler
             ;; (which is effectively a full barrier), or the CAS in the regression test
             ;; that mocks GC touching the need-to-rehash bit.
             ;; That's the best explanation I can give.
             (sb-thread:barrier (:read)) ; barrier 1
             (if (logtest initial-stamp kv-vector-rehashing)
                 (truly-the (values t boolean &optional)
                            (hash-table-lsearch hash-table eq-test key
                                                ,(if (eq std-fn 'eq)
                                                     '(clip-hash hash)
                                                     'hash)
                                                default))
                 (let ((index (hash-search)))
                   (if (not (eql index 0))
                       (let ((key-index (* 2 (truly-the index/2 index))))
                         (setf (hash-table-cache hash-table) key-index)
                         (values (aref kv-vector (1+ key-index)) t))
                       ;; the BARRIER macro sucks bigly, hence the PROGN
                       (let ((stamp (progn (sb-thread:barrier (:read)) ; barrier 2
                                           (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector))))
                         (cond ((and (evenp initial-stamp) ; valid hashes at start?
                                     (zerop (logandc2 (logxor stamp initial-stamp) 1)))
                                ;; * address-based hashes were valid on entry
                                ;; * disregarding the need-to-rehash bit, stamp is the same as on
                                ;;   entry (rehash did not occur)
                                (values default nil))
                               ((and (oddp initial-stamp) (= stamp initial-stamp))
                                ;; * address-based hashes were NOT valid on entry
                                ;; * rehash did not occur
                                ;; Stably hashed (address-insensitive) keys are ok.
                                (if (not address-based-p)
                                    (values default nil)
                                    (let ((key-index (%rehash-and-find hash-table stamp key)))
                                      (cond ((eql key-index 0) ; didn't find, again
                                             (values default nil))
                                            ((not (fixnump key-index))
                                             ;; conflicted with other thread trying to rehash
                                             (retry (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector)))
                                            (t
                                             (values (aref kv-vector (1+ key-index)) t))))))
                               (t ; stamp changed
                                #+hash-table-metrics (atomic-incf
                                                      (hash-table-n-stamp-change table))
                                (retry stamp)))))))))))))

;;;; Weak table variant.

#-weak-vector-readbarrier (defmacro weak-kvv-ref (v i) `(svref ,v ,i))

;;; A single function acts as the core of all operations on weak tables.
;;; The advantage is that we could simulate lazy weak lists by removing smashed
;;; pairs while doing any table operation, with no GC support beyond the ability
;;; to change a cell from non-empty to smashed. Therefore if we could leverage a
;;; collector from some other language, it need not understand our weak
;;; hash-table representation in depth.

;;; TODO: it would be ideal if GETHASH/WEAK could share code with GETHASH/ANY
;;; (the general case of hash-function + predicate).
;;; The difficulty in doing so is that %REHASH-AND-FIND has trouble understanding
;;; how to treat keys that are +empty-ht-slot+ in a weak table - we don't know if
;;; a key was smashed by GC and the cell still exists in a bucket's chain,
;;; versus the cell being in the freelist. So the code diverges in at least that way.
(defun findhash-weak (key hash-table hash address-based-p)
  (declare (hash-table hash-table) (optimize speed)
           (type clipped-hash hash))
  (let* ((kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
         (initial-stamp (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector)))
    (flet ((hash-search ()
             (binding* #.(ht-probe-setup '* '((predecessor nil)))
             (declare (index/2 index))
             (macrolet
                 ((probing-loop (comparison-expr)
                    `(do ((next index (aref next-vector next)))
                         ((zerop next) (values +empty-ht-slot+ 0 0 0))
                       (declare (type index/2 next))
                       ;; An unfortunate aspect of this code is that it will liven
                       ;; passed over keys in the case of a probe miss. It should be
                       ;; possible to come up with a way to _conditionally_ strengthen
                       ;; the ref to the key, i.e. only when we actually have a hit.
                       (let* ((physical-index (truly-the index (* next 2)))
                              (probed-key (weak-kvv-ref kv-vector physical-index)))
                         (when ,comparison-expr
                           ;; Delay fetching the value until a key match. There's a race here
                           ;; in a weak value table. If the key is reachable but the value is
                           ;; otherwise unreachable, the GC might win and clear the value.
                           ;; So GETHASH has to check for that anyway.
                           (let ((probed-val (weak-kvv-ref kv-vector (1+ physical-index))))
                             (return (values probed-val probed-key physical-index predecessor))))
                         (check-excessive-probes 1)
                         (setq predecessor next)))))
               (cond
                 ((or (eq (hash-table-test hash-table) 'eq) address-based-p)
                  ;; Everything in an EQ table is address-based - though this is subject
                  ;; to change, as we could stably hash symbols, because why not -
                  ;; but the hash fun's second value is NIL on immediate objects.
                  (probing-loop (eq key probed-key)))
                 ((eq (hash-table-test hash-table) 'eql)
                  ;; similar to EQ except for the different comparator
                  (probing-loop (%eql key probed-key)))
                 (t
                  ;; For any other test, we assume that it is not safe to pass the
                  ;; unbound marker to the predicate (though EQUAL and EQUALP are
                  ;; probably OK). Also, compare hashes first.
                  (probing-loop (and (not (empty-ht-slot-p probed-key))
                                     (= hash (aref hash-vector next))
                                     (funcall test-fun key probed-key)))))))))
      ;; Weak tables disallow concurrent GETHASH therefore we can't
      ;; be in the midst of fixing up obsolete address-based hashes.
      (aver (not (logtest initial-stamp kv-vector-rehashing)))
      (multiple-value-bind (probed-val probed-key physical-index predecessor)
          (hash-search)
        (cond
          ((or (neq physical-index 0) ; found
               (not address-based-p)  ; key was stably hashed
               (evenp initial-stamp)) ; not found, but address-based hashes were valid
           (values probed-val probed-key physical-index predecessor))
          (t ; invalid hashes at start, and key's hash was address-based
           (without-interrupts
             ;; set the stamp to rehashing. There should be no concurrent
             ;; access, but use CAS to be sure.
             (aver (eql (cas (svref kv-vector rehash-stamp-elt) initial-stamp
                             (1+ initial-stamp)) initial-stamp))
             ;; Set vector hashing, remove weakness, keep address-sensitivity.
             (if (test-header-data-bit kv-vector
                                       (ash sb-vm:vector-addr-hashing-flag
                                            sb-vm:array-flags-data-position))
                 (assign-vector-flags kv-vector
                                      (logior sb-vm:vector-hashing-flag
                                              sb-vm:vector-addr-hashing-flag))
                 (assign-vector-flags kv-vector sb-vm:vector-hashing-flag))
             ;; We don't need to zero-fill the NEXT vector, just the INDEX vector.
             ;; Unless a key slot can be reached by a chain starting from the index
             ;; vector or the 'next' of a previous chain element, we don't read either
             ;; the key or its corresponding 'next'. So we only need to assign a
             ;; 'next' at the moment a slot is linked into a chain.
             (setf (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table)
                   (rehash kv-vector (hash-table-hash-vector hash-table)
                           (fill (hash-table-index-vector hash-table) 0)
                           (hash-table-next-vector hash-table)
                           hash-table))
             ;; Empty cells will have been placed in the ordinary freelist,
             ;; so clear the list of GC-smashed cells.
             (setf (hash-table-smashed-cells hash-table) nil)
             ;; Re-enable weakness
             (logior-array-flags kv-vector sb-vm:vector-weak-flag)
             (done-rehashing hash-table kv-vector initial-stamp))
           ;; One more try gives the definitive answer even if the hashes are
           ;; obsolete again.  KEY's hash can't have changed, and there
           ;; are no concurrent readers to potentially mess up the chains.
           (hash-search)))))))

(defmacro with-weak-hash-table-entry (&body body)
  `(with-pinned-objects (key)
     (binding* (((hash0 address-sensitive-p)
                 (let ((hash-fun (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table))
                       (hash-fun-state (hash-table-hash-fun-state hash-table)))
                   (if (adaptive-hash-fun-state-p hash-fun-state)
                       (funcall hash-fun key hash-fun-state)
                       (funcall hash-fun key))))
                (address-sensitive-p
                 (and address-sensitive-p
                      (not (logtest (hash-table-flags hash-table) hash-table-userfun-flag))))
                (hash (clip-hash hash0)))
       ;; On 32bit platforms, the largest valid MAYBE-TRUNCATED-HASH
       ;; is higher than MOST-POSITIVE-FIXNUM. On 64bit platforms,
       ;; it's the other way around.
       (declare (type (or fixnum maybe-truncated-hash) hash0))
       (dx-flet ((body ()
                   ;; Delaying the transfer of culled cells could cause the linked list
                   ;; denoting the cells to itself be promoted into a higher generation.
                   ;; Ideally the list would be off-heap and not subject to GC. Attempting to
                   ;; do that would engender two other problems: (1) knowing when to free the list
                   ;; if the table becomes garbage and we had not yet processed - and thus freed -
                   ;; the list. (2) GC can't call malloc()
                   (transfer-culled-cells hash-table)
                   (binding* (((probed-value probed-key physical-index predecessor)
                               (findhash-weak key hash-table hash address-sensitive-p))
                              (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
                     (declare (index physical-index))
                     ,@body)))
       ;; It would be ideal if we were consistent about all tables NOT having
       ;; synchronization unless created with ":SYNCHRONIZED T"
       ;; but it looks tricky to support concurrent gethash on weak tables,
       ;; so we default to locking.
       (if (hash-table-synchronized-p hash-table)
           ;; Use the private slot accessor for the lock because it's known
           ;; to have a mutex.
           (sb-thread::call-with-recursive-system-lock #'body (hash-table-%lock hash-table))
           ;; Question: can we assert that any weak table without a mutex has
           ;; some _other_ mutex that guards it?
           (body))))))

(defun gethash/weak (key hash-table default)
  (declare (type hash-table hash-table) (optimize speed))
  (truly-the (values t t &optional)
             (with-weak-hash-table-entry
               (declare (ignore probed-key physical-index predecessor kv-vector))
        ;; empty can occur in two cases: not found, or GC culled a pair even when
        ;; a key was found - consider a table with weakness kind :VALUE.
        ;; It's best that we be agnostic of the exact order that WITH-PAIR loads
        ;; the parts and the order in which GC writes the empty markers.
               (if (empty-ht-slot-p probed-value)
                   (values default nil)
                   (values probed-value t)))))

(define-ht-getter gethash/eq-hash/common eq eq-hash/common* t)
(define-ht-getter gethash/eql-hash eql eql-hash)
(define-ht-getter gethash/equal equal adaptive-equal-hash t)
(define-ht-getter gethash/equalp equalp equalp-hash)
(define-ht-getter gethash/any nil nil)
(define-ht-getter gethash/eq-hash/safe eq eq-hash/safe*)

;;; In lieu of racing to rehash in multiple threads due to GC key movement,
;;; or blocking on a mutex to rehash, threads can perform just the FIND
;;; aspect of %REHASH-AND-FIND which is obviously less work than rehashing.
;;; It has the same computational complexity but fewer instructions,
;;; and allows forward progress in all threads.
;;; But unlike %REHASH-AND-FIND which will only be called when the key
;;; in question was hashed by its address, this search can be called for any
;;; key and hash-table-test whenever some thread is rehashing. If hash-based
;;; lookup uses EQ as the comparator for KEY, then linear search does too.
(defun hash-table-lsearch (hash-table eq-test key hash default)
  (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
  (declare (type (and fixnum unsigned-byte) hash))
  #+hash-table-metrics (atomic-incf (hash-table-n-lsearch hash-table))
  (let* ((kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
         (key-index
          (let ((hash-vector (hash-table-hash-vector hash-table))
                (hwm (the index/2 (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))))
            ;; EQ-TEST is an optimization which says that regardless of the table test,
            ;; for the particular key being sought, the comparator should be EQ.
            ;; This would be true of INSTANCE in an EQL or EQUAL table for example.
            (cond ((or eq-test (eq (hash-table-test hash-table) 'eq))
                   (loop for i from (* hwm 2) downto 2 by 2
                         when (eq key (aref kv-vector i)) return i))
                  ((eq (hash-table-test hash-table) 'eql)
                   (loop for i from (* hwm 2) downto 2 by 2
                         when (%eql key (aref kv-vector i)) return i))
                  (t
                   ;; EQ and EQL are fine with unbound-marker as an argument,
                   ;; but the general case checks the key for validity first.
                   (let ((test-fun (hash-table-test-fun hash-table)))
                     (aver (= (length (truly-the (not null) hash-vector))
                              (ash (length kv-vector) -1)))
                     (loop for i from hwm downto 1
                           when (and (= hash (aref hash-vector i))
                                     (let ((pair-key (aref kv-vector (* 2 i))))
                                       (and (not (empty-ht-slot-p pair-key))
                                            (funcall test-fun key pair-key))))
                           return (* 2 i))))))))
    (cond (key-index
           (setf (hash-table-cache hash-table) key-index)
           (values (aref kv-vector (1+ key-index)) t))
          (t
           (values default nil)))))

(defun make-synchronized-table-methods (getter setter remover hash-fun-state)
  (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
  ;; We might want to think about inlining the guts of
  ;; CALL-WITH-...LOCK into these methods.
  (values
   (if hash-fun-state
       ;; These lambdas are named to make backtraces slightly more
       ;; readable.
       (named-lambda gethash/state/lock (key table default)
         (declare (optimize speed
                            #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         (truly-the
          (values t t &optional)
          (let ((table (truly-the hash-table table)))
            ;; Use the private slot accessor, because we know that
            ;; the mutex has been constructed.
            (sb-thread::with-recursive-system-lock ((hash-table-%lock table))
              ;; Check within the lock if hash fun had been changed by
              ;; another thread.
              (funcall (if (eql (hash-table-hash-fun-state table)
                                hash-fun-state)
                           getter
                           (hash-table-gethash-impl table))
                       key table default)))))
       (named-lambda gethash/lock (key table default)
         (declare (optimize speed
                            #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         (truly-the
          (values t t &optional)
          (let ((table (truly-the hash-table table)))
            (sb-thread::with-recursive-system-lock ((hash-table-%lock table))
              (funcall getter key table default))))))
   (if hash-fun-state
       (named-lambda puthash/state/lock (key table value)
         (declare (optimize speed
                            #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         (truly-the
          (values t &optional)
          (let ((table (truly-the hash-table table)))
            (sb-thread::with-recursive-system-lock ((hash-table-%lock table))
              (funcall (if (eql (hash-table-hash-fun-state table)
                                hash-fun-state)
                           setter
                           (hash-table-puthash-impl table))
                       key table value)))))
       (named-lambda puthash/lock (key table value)
         (declare (optimize speed
                            #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         (truly-the
          (values t &optional)
          (let ((table (truly-the hash-table table)))
            (sb-thread::with-recursive-system-lock ((hash-table-%lock table))
              (funcall setter key table value))))))
   (if hash-fun-state
       (named-lambda remhash/state/lock (key table)
         (declare (optimize speed
                            #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         (truly-the
          (values t &optional)
          (let ((table (truly-the hash-table table)))
            (sb-thread::with-recursive-system-lock ((hash-table-%lock table))
              (funcall (if (eql (hash-table-hash-fun-state table)
                                hash-fun-state)
                           remover
                           (hash-table-remhash-impl table))
                       key table)))))
       (named-lambda remhash/lock (key table)
         (declare (optimize speed
                            #-sb-hash-table-debug (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)))
         (truly-the
          (values t &optional)
          (let ((table (truly-the hash-table table)))
            (sb-thread::with-recursive-system-lock ((hash-table-%lock table))
              (funcall remover key table))))))))

(defmacro pick-table-methods-1 (synchronized getter setter remover
                                &optional hash-fun-state)
  `(locally (declare (optimize
                      #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
     (if ,synchronized
         (make-synchronized-table-methods #',getter #',setter #',remover
                                          ,hash-fun-state)
         (values #',getter #',setter #',remover))))

(macrolet
    ((define-pick-table-methods ()
       `(defun pick-table-methods (synchronized test hash-fun-state)
          (declare (type fixnum hash-fun-state))
          (ecase test
            (eq
             (case hash-fun-state
               ((#.+hft-flat+)
                (pick-table-methods-1
                 synchronized gethash/eq-hash/flat puthash/eq-hash/flat
                 remhash/eq-hash/flat hash-fun-state))
               ((#.+hft-safe+)
                (pick-table-methods-1
                 synchronized gethash/eq-hash/safe puthash/eq-hash/safe
                 remhash/eq-hash/safe))
               (t
                (pick-table-methods-1
                 synchronized gethash/eq-hash/common puthash/eq-hash/common
                 remhash/eq-hash/common hash-fun-state))))
            (eql
             (if (eql hash-fun-state +hft-flat+)
                 (pick-table-methods-1
                  synchronized gethash/eql-hash/flat puthash/eql-hash/flat
                  remhash/eql-hash/flat hash-fun-state)
                 (pick-table-methods-1
                  synchronized gethash/eql-hash puthash/eql-hash
                  remhash/eql-hash)))
            (equal (pick-table-methods-1 synchronized gethash/equal
                                         puthash/equal remhash/equal))
            (equalp (pick-table-methods-1 synchronized gethash/equalp
                                          puthash/equalp remhash/equalp))
            ((nil) (pick-table-methods-1 synchronized gethash/any
                                         puthash/any remhash/any))))))
  (define-pick-table-methods))

;;; so people can call #'(SETF GETHASH)
;;; FIXME: this function is not mandated. Why do we have it?
(defun (setf gethash) (new-value key table &optional default)
  (declare (ignore default))
  (%puthash key table new-value))

(defun transfer-culled-cells (hash-table)
  ;; Entries culled by GC are linked into a plain old list of cons cells,
  ;; because we can atomically manipulate that. We can't atomically operate
  ;; on the array-qua-list representation, both because we don't support
  ;; numeric arrays in (CAS AREF) and lockfree deletion from interior nodes
  ;; of singly-linked lists is tricky (a concurrent insert can get lost).
  (unless (hash-table-smashed-cells hash-table)
    (return-from transfer-culled-cells))
  (let ((index-vector (hash-table-index-vector hash-table))
        (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector hash-table))
        (list (hash-table-smashed-cells hash-table)))
    (loop ; take ownership of the entire list in one CAS operation
     (let ((old (cas (hash-table-smashed-cells hash-table) list nil)))
       (if (eq old list) (return))
       (setq list old)))
    ;; TODO: special case if count = 0 then just reestablish the
    ;; initial conditions without processing one cell at a time.
    (loop
      (when (null list) (return))
      (binding* ((data (car list))
                 ((kv-index bucket) (etypecase data
                                      (fixnum (values (ldb (byte 14 14) data)
                                                      (ldb (byte 14 0) data)))
                                      (cons (values (car data) (cdr data)))))
                 (this (aref index-vector bucket))
                 (successor (aref next-vector this)))
        (let ((cdr (cdr list)))
          ;; Break up the the list in case GC sees an interior cell as an ambiguous root
          (rplacd list 0)
          (setq list cdr))
        (if (= kv-index this)
            ;; This pair started a chain. Removing it is easy
            (setf (aref index-vector bucket) successor)
            ;; Else, find the kv-index in the chain and snap it out.
            (do ((predecessor this)
                 (this successor))
                ((= this 0) (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))
              (let ((successor (aref next-vector this)))
                (when (= kv-index this)
                  (return (setf (aref next-vector predecessor) successor)))
                (setq predecessor this this successor))))
        ;; Update the list headed by hash-table-next-free-kv and linked
        ;; through the 'next' vector.
        (setf (aref next-vector kv-index) (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table)
              (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table) kv-index)))))

;;; We don't need the looping and checking for GC activiy in PUTHASH
;;; because insertion can not co-occur with any other operation,
;;; unlike GETHASH which we allow to execute in multiple threads.
(defmacro define-ht-setter (name std-fn hash-fun-name
                            &optional stateful-hash-p max-chain-length)
  `(defun ,name (key table value &aux (hash-table (truly-the hash-table table))
                                      (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
     (declare (optimize speed)
              #-sb-hash-table-debug
              (optimize (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)
                        (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
     (block done
       (let ((index (hash-table-cache hash-table)))
         ;; Check the most-recently-used cell
         (when (and (plusp index) (eq (aref kv-vector index) key))
           (return-from done (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ index)) value))))
       (with-pinned-objects (key)
         ;; Read the 'rehash' bit as soon as possible after pinning KEY,
         ;; but not before.  The closer in time we observe the bit vs pinning,
         ;; the more likely it is to reflect at most the moved status of KEY
         ;; and not also the moved status of keys moved after KEY got pinned.
         ;; To illustrate:
         ;;
         ;;   t0 .... t1 .... t2 .... t3 ....
         ;;    ^      ^          ^       ^
         ;;    |      |          | GC    |
         ;;    Pin   Possible           Actual
         ;;          observation        observation
         ;;          of 'rehash'        of 'rehash'
         ;;
         ;; If GC causes the bit to become set, and we don't read the bit
         ;; until t3, we're forced to conclude that KEY's hash might have been wrong.
         ;; Granted that the bit might have been 1 at timestamp 't1',
         ;; but it's best to read it at t1 and not later.
         (binding* ((initial-stamp (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector))
                    ,@(ht-hash-setup hash-fun-name stateful-hash-p)
                    ,@(ht-probe-setup std-fn)
                    (eq-test ,(ht-probing-should-use-eq std-fn)))
           (declare (index/2 index))
           ;; Search next-vector chain for a matching key.
           (if eq-test
               ;; Unrolling a few times like in %GETHASH doesn't seem
               ;; to affect even the tightest microbenchmarks.
               (do ((next index (aref next-vector next)))
                   ((zerop next))
                 (declare (type index/2 next))
                 (let ((i (* 2 next)))
                   (when (eq key (aref kv-vector i)) ; Found, just replace the value.
                     (setf (hash-table-cache hash-table) i)
                     (return-from done (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) value))))
                 (check-excessive-probes 1))
               ,(unless (eq std-fn 'eq)
                  `(do ((next index (aref next-vector next)))
                       ((zerop next))
                     (declare (type index/2 next))
                     (when ,(ht-key-compare std-fn 'next) ; Found, just replace the value.
                       (let ((i (* 2 next)))
                         (setf (hash-table-cache hash-table) i)
                         (return-from done (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ i)) value))))
                     (check-excessive-probes 1))))
           ;; Detect whether the failure to find was due to key movement.
           ;; Only the initial state of the 'rehash' bit is important.
           ;; If the bit changed from 0 to 1, then KEY's hash was good because
           ;; it was pinned at the time we observed the rehash status to be 0.
           (if (oddp initial-stamp)
               (when address-based-p
                 ;; The current stamp must be the same as initial-stamp, because
                 ;; PUTHASH is disallowed concurrently with any other operation,
                 ;; and the 'rehash' bit can't be cleared except by rehashing
                 ;; as part of such operation.
                 (unless (eq (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector) initial-stamp)
                   (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))
                 (let ((key-index (%rehash-and-find hash-table initial-stamp key)))
                   ;; If we see NIL here, it means that some other operation is racing
                   ;; to rehash. GETHASH can deal with that scenario, PUTHASH can't.
                   (cond ((eql key-index 0)) ; fallthrough to insert
                         ((not (fixnump key-index)) (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))
                         (t (return-from done (setf (aref kv-vector (1+ key-index)) value))))))
               ,@(when max-chain-length
                   (ecase std-fn
                     ((eq)
                      `((when (<= ,max-chain-length
                                  (truly-the index (- (length next-vector)
                                                      probe-limit)))
                          (setq hash (fall-back-on-eq-hash-and-rehash
                                      hash-table key (clip-hash hash))))))
                     ((equal)
                      ;; Because the SXSTATE-LIMIT is raised only if
                      ;; TRUNCATED-HASH-P, it is bounded. This is very
                      ;; much a necessity because bad hash functions
                      ;; (e.g. SXHASH on arrays) can cause lots of
                      ;; collisions.
                      `((when (and (truncated-hash-p hash)
                                   (sxstate-max-chain-length-reached-p
                                    (hash-table-%hash-fun-state hash-table)
                                    (truly-the index (- (length next-vector)
                                                        probe-limit))))
                          (setq hash (raise-sxstate-limit-and-rehash
                                      hash-table key hash))))))))
           ;; Pop a KV slot off the free list
           (insert-at (truly-the (and index/2 (unsigned-byte 32))
                                 (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table))
                      hash-table key
                      ;; Clip the unclipped hash from EQ-HASH* or its
                      ;; kind to be able to pass it to INSERT-AT
                      ;; without consing.
                      ,(if (eq std-fn 'eq) '(clip-hash hash) 'hash)
                      address-based-p value))))))

(flet ((insert-at (index hash-table key hash address-based-p value)
         (declare (optimize speed #-sb-hash-table-debug
                                  (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0))
                  (type (and index/2 (unsigned-byte 32)) index)
                  (type maybe-truncated-hash hash))
         (when (zerop index)
           (multiple-value-setq (index hash)
             (grow-hash-table hash-table key hash))
           ;; Growing the table can not make the key become found when it was not
           ;; found before, so we can just proceed with insertion.
           (aver (not (zerop index))))
         ;; Grab the vectors AFTER possibly growing the table
         (let ((kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
               (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector hash-table)))
           (setf (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table)
                 (let ((hwm (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
                       (cap (hash-table-pairs-capacity kv-vector)))
                   (cond ((> index hwm) ; raise the high-water-mark
                          (setf (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector) index)
                          ;; CPU must not buffer storing the new HWM versus the
                          ;; stores of the K+V since they wouldn't be seen.
                          (sb-thread:barrier (:write))
                          (cond ((= index cap) 0)
                                (t (1+ index))))
                         (t ; don't raise
                          (let ((next (aref next-vector index)))
                            (cond ((/= next 0) next)
                                  ((= hwm cap) 0)
                                  (t (1+ hwm))))))))

           ;; We've potentially depended on the bits of the address of KEY
           ;; before informing GC that we've done so, but the key is pinned,
           ;; so as long as the table informs GC that it has the dependency
           ;; by the time the key is free to move, all is well.
           (when address-based-p
             (logior-array-flags kv-vector sb-vm:vector-addr-hashing-flag))

           ;; Store the hash unless an EQ table. Because the key is pinned, it is
           ;; OK that GC would not have seen +magic-hash-vector-value+ for this
           ;; key if applicable.
           (awhen (hash-table-hash-vector hash-table)
             (setf (aref it index)
                   (if address-based-p +magic-hash-vector-value+ hash)))

           ;; Push this slot onto the front of the chain for its bucket.
           ;; A chain linked to an empty cell makes no difference, as any concurrent
           ;; operation on this same table would constitute user error.
           (let* ((index-vector (hash-table-index-vector hash-table))
                  (bucket (mask-hash hash (1- (length index-vector)))))
             (setf (aref next-vector index) (aref index-vector bucket)
                   (aref index-vector bucket) index))
           ;; Store the pair only *after* linking the cell in. This order of operations
           ;; allows GC to assert that every pair in kvv is findable in a bucket.
           ;; Setting the kvv elements first, before chaining, would temporarily result
           ;; in a non-findable key which we'd have to heuristically allow based on
           ;; implicit pinning.
           (let ((i (* 2 index)))
             (setf (aref kv-vector i) key
                   (aref kv-vector (truly-the index (1+ i))) value
                   (hash-table-cache hash-table) i)))
         (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug (safety 0)))
           (incf (hash-table-%count hash-table)))
         value))

  (defun puthash/weak (key hash-table value)
    (declare (type hash-table hash-table) (optimize speed))
    (with-weak-hash-table-entry
      (declare (ignore predecessor))
      (cond ((= physical-index 0)
             (insert-at (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table)
                        hash-table key hash address-sensitive-p value))
            ((or (empty-ht-slot-p (cas (weak-kvv-ref kv-vector (1+ physical-index))
                                       probed-value value))
                 (neq (weak-kvv-ref kv-vector physical-index) probed-key))
             (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))
            (t value))))
  (define-ht-setter puthash/eq-hash/common eq eq-hash/common*
    ;; With N keys being hashed uniformly randomly, the probability of
    ;; more than 14 keys falling into the same bucket is less than 1%
    ;; for all hash table bucket counts. Estimated with simple
    ;; Monte-Carlo.
    t 14)
  (define-ht-setter puthash/eql-hash eql eql-hash)
  (define-ht-setter puthash/equal equal adaptive-equal-hash t t)
  (define-ht-setter puthash/equalp equalp equalp-hash)
  (define-ht-setter puthash/any nil nil)
  ;; This rarely used setter is defined last so that it does not
  ;; increase the distance in memory between INSERT-AT and the more
  ;; commonly invoked setters. The effect of this on performance is
  ;; measurable on x86-64. -- MG, 2024-02-08
  (define-ht-setter puthash/eq-hash/safe eq eq-hash/safe*))

(defmacro define-remhash (name std-fn hash-fun-name &optional stateful-hash-p)
  `(defun ,name (key table &aux (hash-table (truly-the hash-table table))
                                       (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
     (declare (optimize speed)
              #-sb-hash-table-debug
              (optimize (sb-c:verify-arg-count 0)
                        (sb-c:insert-array-bounds-checks 0)))
     ;; The cache provides no benefit to REMHASH. A hit would just mean there is work
     ;; to do in removing the item from a chain, whereas a miss means we don't know
     ;; if there is work to do, so effectively there is work to do either way.
     (with-pinned-objects (key)
       ;; See comment in DEFINE-HT-SETTER about why to read initial-stamp
       ;; as soon as possible after pinning KEY.
       (binding* ((initial-stamp (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector))
                  ,@(ht-hash-setup hash-fun-name stateful-hash-p)
                  ,@(ht-probe-setup std-fn)
                  (eq-test ,(ht-probing-should-use-eq std-fn)))
         (declare (index/2 index) (ignore probe-limit))
         (block done
           (cond ((zerop index)) ; bucket is empty
                 (,(ht-key-compare std-fn 'index :hash-test :permissive)
                  ;; Removing the key at the header of the chain is exceptional
                  ;; because it has no predecessor,
                  (setf (aref index-vector bucket) (aref next-vector index))
                  (return-from done
                    (clear-slot index hash-table kv-vector next-vector)))
                 (eq-test
                  (when (%remhash/eq key hash-table kv-vector next-vector index)
                    (return-from done t)))
                 ,@(unless (eq std-fn 'eq)
                     `((t
                        (do ((probe-limit (length next-vector))
                             (predecessor index this)
                             (this (aref next-vector index) (aref next-vector this)))
                            ((zerop this) nil)
                          (declare (type index/2 predecessor this))
                          (when ,(ht-key-compare std-fn 'this)
                            (setf (aref next-vector predecessor) (aref next-vector this))
                            (return-from done
                              (clear-slot this hash-table kv-vector next-vector)))
                          (check-excessive-probes 1))))))
           ;; Detect whether the failure to find was due to key movement.
           ;; Only the initial state of the 'rehash' bit is important.
           ;; If the bit changed from 0 to 1, then KEY's hash was good because
           ;; it was pinned at the time we observed the rehash status to be 0.
           (when (and address-based-p (oddp initial-stamp))
             (remove-from-bucket key bucket hash-table initial-stamp)))))))

(defun remhash/weak (key hash-table)
  (declare (type hash-table hash-table) (optimize speed))
  (with-weak-hash-table-entry
        (unless (eql physical-index 0)
          ;; Mark slot as empty.
          (if (or (empty-ht-slot-p (cas (weak-kvv-ref kv-vector (1+ physical-index))
                                        probed-value +empty-ht-slot+))
                  (neq (cas (weak-kvv-ref kv-vector physical-index)
                            probed-key +empty-ht-slot+)
                       probed-key))
              (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table)
              (let* ((index (ash physical-index -1))
                     (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector hash-table))
                     (successor (aref next-vector index)))
                ;; Unlink from bucket's chain
                (if predecessor
                    (setf (aref next-vector predecessor) successor)
                    (let* ((iv (hash-table-index-vector hash-table))
                           (bucket (mask-hash hash (1- (length iv)))))
                      (setf (aref iv bucket) successor)))
                ;; Push onto free chain
                (setf (aref next-vector index) (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table)
                      (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table) index)
                (decf (hash-table-%count hash-table))
                t)))))

(labels ((clear-slot (index hash-table kv-vector next-vector)
           (declare (type index/2 index))
           ;; Mark slot as empty.
           (let ((physindex (* 2 index)))
             (setf (aref kv-vector physindex) +empty-ht-slot+
                   (aref kv-vector (1+ physindex)) +empty-ht-slot+))
           ;; Push KV slot onto free chain.
           (setf (aref next-vector index) (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table)
                 (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table) index)
           ;; On parallel accesses this may turn out to be a
           ;; type-error, so don't turn down the safety!
           (decf (hash-table-%count hash-table))
           t)
         (remove-from-bucket (key bucket hash-table initial-stamp
                              &aux (kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
           ;; Remove KEY from BUCKET which is based on the current address
           ;; of key after pinning.  When the key was not found initially,
           ;; the "problem" so to speak was that the bucket that was searched
           ;; did not hold the key, and not that search was done on the wrong
           ;; bucket. Rehashing will place the key into the expected bucket.
           ;;
           ;; The current stamp must be the same as initial-stamp, because
           ;; REMHASH is disallowed concurrently with any other operation,
           ;; and the 'rehash' bit can't be cleared except by rehashing
           ;; as part of such operation.
           (unless (eq (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector) initial-stamp)
             (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))
           (let ((key-index (%rehash-and-find hash-table initial-stamp key)))
             ;; If we see NIL here, it means that some other operation is racing
             ;; to rehash. GETHASH can deal with that scenario, REMHASH can't.
             (unless (fixnump key-index)
               (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))
             (when (/= key-index 0) ; found
               (let* ((index-vector (hash-table-index-vector hash-table))
                      (start (aref index-vector bucket))
                      (next-vector (hash-table-next-vector hash-table))
                      (next (aref next-vector start))
                      (pair-index (ash key-index -1)))
                 (if (if (= start pair-index) ; remove head of chain
                         (setf (aref index-vector bucket) next)
                         (do ((probe-limit (length next-vector))
                              (predecessor start this)
                              (this next (aref next-vector this)))
                             ((zerop this))
                           (declare (type index/2 predecessor this))
                           (when (eql this pair-index)
                             (return (setf (aref next-vector predecessor)
                                           (aref next-vector this))))
                           (check-excessive-probes 1)))
                     (clear-slot pair-index hash-table kv-vector next-vector)
                     (signal-corrupt-hash-table hash-table))))))
         (%remhash/eq (key hash-table kv-vector next-vector start)
           (do ((probe-limit (length next-vector))
                (predecessor start this)
                (this (aref next-vector start) (aref next-vector this)))
               ((zerop this) nil)
             (declare (type index/2 predecessor this))
             (when (eq key (aref kv-vector (* 2 this)))
               (setf (aref next-vector predecessor) (aref next-vector this))
               (return (clear-slot this hash-table kv-vector next-vector)))
             (check-excessive-probes 1))))

  (define-remhash remhash/eq-hash/common eq eq-hash/common* t)
  (define-remhash remhash/eql-hash eql eql-hash)
  (define-remhash remhash/equal equal adaptive-equal-hash t)
  (define-remhash remhash/equalp equalp equalp-hash)
  (define-remhash remhash/any nil nil)
  (define-remhash remhash/eq-hash/safe eq eq-hash/safe*))

(defun remhash (key hash-table)
  "Remove the entry in HASH-TABLE associated with KEY. Return T if
there was such an entry, or NIL if not."
  (funcall (hash-table-remhash-impl hash-table) key hash-table))

(defun clrhash (hash-table)
  "This removes all the entries from HASH-TABLE and returns the hash
table itself."
  ;; This used to do nothing at all for tables that has a COUNT of 0,
  ;; but that wasn't quite right, because some steps below pertain to
  ;; getting the initial state back to that of a freshly made table.
  ;; In particular, the need-to-rehash flag should be cleared, and the freelist
  ;; should be reset so that we start to consume k/v cells leftmost first
  ;; instead of whatever random order they were left in.
  ;;
  ;; It is probably not strictly necessary for vectors marked as valid-hashing to
  ;; be initialized with empty-ht-slot, because GC regards the portion of the vector
  ;; beyond the HWM as unused. Though for weak tables, some invariants can
  ;; be checked by having the empty  markers but couldn't be without.
  ;; [Reusing those elements would be a two-step process: set them to 0,
  ;; bump the HWM, set them to desired values - because you can't let GC
  ;; observe junk, but you can't put good value at higher than the HWM]
  (when (plusp (kv-vector-high-water-mark (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
    (dx-flet ((clear ()
                (let* ((kv-vector (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
                       (high-water-mark (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector))
                       (flatp (flat-hash-table-p hash-table)))
                  (when (hash-table-weak-p hash-table)
                    (aver (eq (kv-vector-supplement kv-vector) hash-table)))
                  ;; Remove address-sensitivity.
                  (reset-array-flags kv-vector sb-vm:vector-addr-hashing-flag)
                  ;; Do this only after unsetting the address-sensitive bit,
                  ;; otherwise GC might come along and touch this bit again.
                  (unless flatp
                    (setf (kv-vector-rehash-stamp kv-vector) 0))
                  ;; We always deposit empty markers into k/v pairs that are REMHASHed,
                  ;; so a count of 0 implies no clearing need be done.
                  (when (or (and (typep hash-table 'general-hash-table)
                                 ;; The GC might have removed everything in a weak hash-table
                                 ;; but index-vector is not yet adjusted by TRANSFER-CULLED-CELLS
                                 (hash-table-smashed-cells hash-table))
                            (plusp (hash-table-%count hash-table)))
                    (when (plusp (hash-table-%count hash-table))
                      ;; Fill all slots with the empty marker.
                      (fill kv-vector +empty-ht-slot+ :start 2 :end (* (1+ high-water-mark) 2))
                      ;; Set to 0 only after kv-vector is cleared,
                      ;; or cull_weak_hash_table_bucket will find new dead entries.
                      (setf (hash-table-%count hash-table) 0))
                    (when (typep hash-table 'general-hash-table)
                      (setf (hash-table-smashed-cells hash-table) nil))
                    ;; Clear the index-vector if in use. Don't need to
                    ;; clear the hash-vector or the next-vector.
                    (unless flatp
                      (fill (hash-table-index-vector hash-table) 0)
                      (when (let ((hash-fun (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table)))
                              (locally (declare (optimize #-sb-hash-table-debug
                                                          (safety 0)))
                                (eq hash-fun #'adaptive-equal-hash)))
                        ;; Reset SXSTATE-MAX-CHAIN-LENGTH, but keep
                        ;; SXSTATE-LIMIT mostly intact to reduce
                        ;; adaptation overhead. Actually, decrease the
                        ;; limit a bit because it could only ever increase
                        ;; otherwise.
                        (setf (hash-table-%hash-fun-state hash-table)
                              (let ((limit (%sxstate-limit (hash-table-hash-fun-state hash-table))))
                                (when (zerop limit)
                                  (setq limit +highest-sxstate-limit+))
                                (make-sxstate
                                 ;; This never goes below 4.
                                 (- limit (ash (+ limit 3) -3))
                                 #.(max-chain-length 8)))))))
                  (setf (hash-table-next-free-kv hash-table) 1
                        (kv-vector-high-water-mark kv-vector) 0))))
      (if (hash-table-synchronized-p hash-table)
          (sb-thread::call-with-recursive-system-lock #'clear (hash-table-%lock hash-table))
          (clear))))
  hash-table)


;;;; methods on HASH-TABLE

;;; Return an association list representing the same data as HASH-TABLE.
;;; Iterate downward so that PUSH creates the result in insertion order.
;;; One the one hand, this should not to be construed as a guarantee about
;;; the order, but on the other, it is convenient to see key/values in the
;;; same order as insertion, and moreover, preserving that order makes
;;; %STUFF-HASH-TABLE produce the same k/v vector.
(defun %hash-table-alist (hash-table)
  (let ((result nil))
    (let ((kvv (hash-table-pairs hash-table)))
      (do ((i (* 2 (kv-vector-high-water-mark kvv)) (- i 2)))
          ((= i 0))
        (let ((k (aref kvv i))
              (v (aref kvv (1+ i))))
          (unless (or (empty-ht-slot-p k) (empty-ht-slot-p v))
            (push (cons k v) result)))))
    result))

;;; Stuff an association list, or a vector, into HASH-TABLE. Return the hash table,
;;; so that we can use this for the *PRINT-READABLY* case in PRINT-OBJECT (HASH-TABLE T)
;;; without having to worry about LET forms and readable gensyms and stuff.
(defun %stuff-hash-table (hash-table data &optional pure)
  (if (vectorp data)
      (dovector (x data) (setf (gethash (car x) hash-table) (cdr x)))
      (dolist (x data) (setf (gethash (car x) hash-table) (cdr x))))
  (when pure
    ;; Mark the index vector, next-vector, hash-vector (if present),
    ;; and even the key vector, as shareable, provided that no key is hashed
    ;; address-sensitively. As a first crack I'm just requiring keys to be
    ;; fixnum or character, but some table types would stably hash more things.
    (let ((stably-hashed
           (loop for k being each hash-key of hash-table
                 always (typep k '(or fixnum character)))))
      (when stably-hashed
        (logically-readonlyize (hash-table-pairs hash-table))
        (logically-readonlyize (hash-table-index-vector hash-table))
        (logically-readonlyize (hash-table-next-vector hash-table))
        (awhen (hash-table-hash-vector hash-table) (logically-readonlyize it)))))
  hash-table)

;;; Return a list of keyword args and values to use for MAKE-HASH-TABLE
;;; when reconstructing HASH-TABLE.
(flet ((%hash-table-ctor (hash-table &aux (test (hash-table-test hash-table)))
         (when (or (not (logtest (hash-table-flags hash-table) hash-table-userfun-flag))
                   ;; If it has a named test function - it wasn't a lambda expression -
                   ;; and the table's hash-function is identical to the hash function
                   ;; dictated by *USER-HASH-TABLE-TESTS* for that test, we're OK.
                   ;; And it's not worth the risk of trying to reverse-engineer the hash
                   ;; function if all we have is a name.
                   (and test (eq (third (assoc test *user-hash-table-tests*))
                                 (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table))))
           `(make-hash-table
             ,@(loop for (key accessor default)
                     in
                     (load-time-value
                      `((:test ,#'hash-table-test eql)
                        (:size ,#'hash-table-size ,+min-hash-table-size+)
                        (:rehash-size ,#'hash-table-rehash-size ,default-rehash-size)
                        (:rehash-threshold ,#'hash-table-rehash-threshold 1.0)
                        (:synchronized ,#'hash-table-synchronized-p nil)
                        (:weakness ,#'hash-table-weakness nil)))
                     for value = (funcall accessor hash-table)
                     unless (eql value default)
                     collect key
                     and
                     collect (if (self-evaluating-p value)
                                 value
                                 `',value))))))

(defmethod print-object ((hash-table hash-table) stream)
  (declare (type stream stream))
  (let ((ctor (and *print-readably* *read-eval* (%hash-table-ctor hash-table))))
    (cond
      ((not ctor)
       ;; Perhaps we should add :SYNCHRONIZED to the string?
       (print-unreadable-object (hash-table stream :type t :identity t)
         (format stream
                 ":TEST ~S~@[ :HASH-FUNCTION ~S~] :COUNT ~S~@[ :WEAKNESS ~S~]"
                 (or (hash-table-test hash-table) (hash-table-test-fun hash-table))
                 (when (logtest (hash-table-flags hash-table) hash-table-userfun-flag)
                   (hash-table-hash-fun hash-table))
                 (hash-table-count hash-table)
                 (hash-table-weakness hash-table))))
      (t
       (write-string "#." stream)
       (let ((alist (%hash-table-alist hash-table)))
         (write (if alist
                    `(%stuff-hash-table ,ctor ',alist)
                    ctor)
                :stream stream))))))

(defmethod make-load-form ((hash-table hash-table) &optional environment)
  (declare (ignore environment))
  (let ((ctor (%hash-table-ctor hash-table)))
    (if ctor
        (values ctor
                ;; This uses a separate initform in case the hash table contains itself
                ;; as either a key or value.
                ;; FIXME: k/v pairs would take less space as a vector, not an alist.
                (unless (zerop (hash-table-count hash-table))
                  `(%stuff-hash-table ,hash-table ',(%hash-table-alist hash-table))))
        (error "~S is not externalizable" hash-table))))
)

;;; This assignment has to occur some time after the defstruct.
;;; We don't call EQUALP on hash-table, so as late as possible is fine.
;;; It can't go in src/code/pred whose forms execute *before* the defstruct,
;;; so its effect would just get clobbered by the defstruct.
(sb-kernel::assign-equalp-impl 'hash-table #'hash-table-equalp)
(sb-kernel::assign-equalp-impl 'general-hash-table #'hash-table-equalp)

(defun hash-table-test (hash-table)
  (if (typep hash-table 'general-hash-table)
      (hash-table-%test hash-table)
      (aref #(eq eql equal equalp) (ht-flags-kind (hash-table-flags hash-table)))))
(defun hash-table-rehash-threshold (hash-table)
  (if (typep hash-table 'general-hash-table) (hash-table-%rehash-threshold hash-table) 1.0f0))
(defun hash-table-rehash-size (hash-table)
  (if (typep hash-table 'general-hash-table)
      (hash-table-%rehash-size hash-table)
      default-rehash-size))

(!defun-from-collected-cold-init-forms !hash-table-cold-init)

#|
(defun memusage (x)
  (+ (sb-vm::primitive-object-size (hash-table-pairs x))
     (acond ((hash-table-hash-vector x) (sb-vm::primitive-object-size it)) (t 0))
     (sb-vm::primitive-object-size (hash-table-index-vector x))
     (sb-vm::primitive-object-size (hash-table-next-vector x))))

(defun show-address-sensitivity (&optional tbl)
  (flet ((show1 (tbl)
           (let ((kv (hash-table-pairs tbl))
                 (hashes (hash-table-hash-vector tbl))
                 (address-sensitive 0))
             (loop for i from 2 below (length kv) by 2
                   do
                (unless (unbound-marker-p (aref kv i))
                  (when (eq (aref hashes (ash i -1)) +magic-hash-vector-value+)
                    (incf address-sensitive))))
             (when (plusp address-sensitive)
               (format t "~3d ~s~%" address-sensitive tbl)))))
    (if tbl
        (show1 tbl)
        (dolist (tbl (sb-vm::list-allocated-objects :all :test #'hash-table-p))
          (when (and (plusp (hash-table-count tbl)) (hash-table-hash-vector tbl))
            (show-address-sensitivity tbl))))))

(defun hash-table-chain (tbl pair-index)
  (when (plusp pair-index)
    (nconc (list pair-index)
           (hash-table-chain tbl (aref (hash-table-next-vector tbl) pair-index)))))

(defun hash-table-freelist (tbl)
  (hash-table-chain tbl (hash-table-next-free-kv tbl)))

(defun show-chains (tbl &optional print &aux (nv (hash-table-next-vector tbl))
                        (tot-len 0) (max-len 0) (n-chains 0))
  (flet ((show-chain (label next &optional print &aux (len 0))
           (unless (eql next 0)
             (write-string label)
             (loop (format t " ~d" next)
                   (when print (format t "=~A" (aref (hash-table-pairs tbl) (ash next 1))))
                   (incf len)
                   (when (zerop (setq next (aref nv next))) (return)))
             (terpri))
           len))
    (loop for x across (hash-table-index-vector tbl)
          for i from 0
          do (let ((len (show-chain (format nil "Bucket ~d:" i) x print)))
               (when (plusp len)
                 (incf tot-len len)
                 (setf max-len (max len max-len))
                 (incf n-chains))))
    (format t "maxlen=~d avglen=~f~%" max-len (/ tot-len n-chains))
    (show-chain "Freelist:" (hash-table-next-free-kv tbl))
    (awhen (and (typep tbl 'general-hash-table) (hash-table-smashed-cells tbl))
      (format t "smashed=~d~%"
              (mapcar (lambda (x)
                        (if (fixnump x)
                            (cons (ldb (byte 14 14) x) (ldb (byte 14 0) x))
                            x))
                      it)))))

(defun show-load-factors ()
  (let ((list (sort (sb-vm::list-allocated-objects
                     :all :test #'hash-table-p)
                    #'>
                    :key #'hash-table-count)))
    (dolist (ht list)
      (format t "~,4f ~7d ~s~%"
              (/ (hash-table-count ht) (length (hash-table-index-vector ht)))
              (hash-table-mem-used ht)
              ht))))

(defun hash-table-mem-used (ht)
  (+ (primitive-object-size (hash-table-pairs ht))
     (primitive-object-size (hash-table-index-vector ht))
     (primitive-object-size (hash-table-next-vector ht))
     (acond ((hash-table-hash-vector ht) (primitive-object-size it))
            (t 0))))

(defun show-growth (&optional (factor 1.5))
  (flet ((memused-str (x)
           (cond ((>= x (expt 1024 4)) (format nil "~dG" (ceiling (/ x (expt 1024 3)))))
                 ((>= x (expt 1024 3)) (format nil "~dM" (ceiling (/ x (expt 1024 2)))))
                 ((>= x (expt 1024 2)) (format nil "~dK" (ceiling (/ x 1024))))
                 (t x)))
         (compute-memused (n-buckets n-cells) ; approximately right,
           ;; disregarding overhead cells and padding words
           (+ (* n-cells (* 2 sb-vm:n-word-bytes)) ; 2 words per cell
              (* n-buckets  4)   ; INDEX-VECTOR = one 32-bit int per bucket
              (* n-cells 4)   ; NEXT-VECTOR  = one 32-bit int per cell
              (* n-cells 4))) ; HASH-VECTOR  = one 32-bit int per cell
         (log2-buckets (n-buckets)
           (integer-length (1- n-buckets))))
  (let* ((size 7)
         (n-buckets (power-of-two-ceiling size))
         (memused (compute-memused n-buckets size)))
    (format t "        size   bits        LF           mem~%")
    (format t "~12d ~6d ~9,4f ~13d~%" size
            (log2-buckets n-buckets) (/ size n-buckets) memused)
    (loop
      (let* ((new-size (truncate (* size factor)))
             (new-n-buckets (power-of-two-ceiling new-size))
             (full-LF (/ new-size new-n-buckets)))
        (when (> (log2-buckets new-n-buckets) 31) (return))
        ;; try to keep the load factor at full load within a certain range
        (cond ((> full-lf .9)
               (setq new-size (floor (* new-n-buckets 85/100))))
              ((< full-lf .55)
               (setq new-size (floor (* new-n-buckets 65/100)))))
        (let ((new-memused (compute-memused new-n-buckets new-size)))
          (format t "~12d ~6d ~9,4f ~13@a  (* ~f)~%"
                  new-size (log2-buckets new-n-buckets)
                  (/ new-size new-n-buckets)
                  (memused-str new-memused) (/ new-memused memused))
          (setq size new-size memused new-memused)))))))

;;; You can't attain an arbitrary rehash size using power-of-2 tables
;;; because all you can do is double the number of buckets.
;;; However, by doubling the count only on alternate resizings, we can
;;; approximate growing at rate slower than doubling in terms of space used.
;;; This table shows that using the default resize factor of 1.5x we see
;;; a fairly smooth increase in memory consumed at each resizing
;;; (about 1.3x to 1.6x the usage at the old size) while bounding the LF
;;; to between .6 and .85 if every k/v cell is in use at the new size.

        size   bits        LF           mem
           7      3    0.8750           200
          10      4    0.6250           304  (* 1.52)
          13      4    0.8125           376  (* 1.2368422)
          19      5    0.5938           584  (* 1.5531915)
          28      5    0.8750           800  (* 1.369863)
          42      6    0.6563          1264  (* 1.58)
          54      6    0.8438          1552  (* 1.227848)
          81      7    0.6328          2456  (* 1.5824742)
         108      7    0.8438          3104  (* 1.2638437)
         162      8    0.6328          4912  (* 1.5824742)
         217      8    0.8477          6232  (* 1.2687297)
         325      9    0.6348          9848  (* 1.5802311)
         435      9    0.8496         12488  (* 1.2680748)
         652     10    0.6367         19744  (* 1.5810378)
         870     10    0.8496         24976  (* 1.2649919)
        1305     11    0.6372         39512  (* 1.5819987)
        1740     11    0.8496         49952  (* 1.2642236)
        2610     12    0.6372         79024  (* 1.5819987)
        3481     12    0.8499         99928  (* 1.2645272)
        5221     13    0.6373        158072  (* 1.581859)
        6963     13    0.8500        199880  (* 1.264487)
       10444     14    0.6375        316192  (* 1.5819092)
       13926     14    0.8500        399760  (* 1.2642951)
       20889     15    0.6375        632408  (* 1.5819691)
       27852     15    0.8500        799520  (* 1.2642472)
       41778     16    0.6375         1236K  (* 1.5819691)
       55705     16    0.8500         1562K  (* 1.2642661)
       83557     17    0.6375         2471K  (* 1.5819604)
      111411     17    0.8500         3124K  (* 1.2642636)
      167116     18    0.6375         4941K  (* 1.5819635)
      222822     18    0.8500         6247K  (* 1.2642516)
      334233     19    0.6375         9882K  (* 1.5819674)
      445644     19    0.8500        12493K  (* 1.2642486)
      668466     20    0.6375        19764K  (* 1.5819674)
      891289     20    0.8500        24986K  (* 1.2642498)
     1336933     21    0.6375        39527K  (* 1.5819668)
     1782579     21    0.8500        49972K  (* 1.2642497)
     2673868     22    0.6375        79053K  (* 1.581967)
     3565158     22    0.8500        99943K  (* 1.2642488)
     5347737     23    0.6375       158106K  (* 1.5819672)
     7130316     23    0.8500       199885K  (* 1.2642487)
    10695474     24    0.6375       316212K  (* 1.5819672)
    14260633     24    0.8500       399770K  (* 1.2642487)
    21390950     25    0.6375       632423K  (* 1.5819672)
    28521267     25    0.8500       799540K  (* 1.2642487)
    42781904     26    0.6375         1236M  (* 1.5819674)
    57042534     26    0.8500         1562M  (* 1.2642486)
    85563808     27    0.6375         2471M  (* 1.5819674)
   114085068     27    0.8500         3124M  (* 1.2642486)
   171127616     28    0.6375         4941M  (* 1.5819674)
   228170137     28    0.8500         6247M  (* 1.2642486)
   342255232     29    0.6375         9882M  (* 1.5819674)
   456340275     29    0.8500        12493M  (* 1.2642486)
   684510464     30    0.6375        19764M  (* 1.5819674)
   912680550     30    0.8500        24986M  (* 1.2642486)
  1369020928     31    0.6375        39527M  (* 1.5819674)
  1825361100     31    0.8500        49972M  (* 1.2642486)
|#
