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scipy.linalg.

# qz

scipy.linalg.qz(A, B, output='real', lwork=None, sort=None, overwrite_a=False, overwrite_b=False, check_finite=True)

  QZ decomposition for generalized eigenvalues of a pair of matrices.

  The QZ, or generalized Schur, decomposition for a pair of n-by-n matrices (A,B) is:

      (A,B) = (Q @ AA @ Z*, Q @ BB @ Z*)

  where AA, BB is in generalized Schur form if BB is upper-triangular with non-negative diagonal and AA is upper-triangular, or for real QZ decomposition (`output='real'`) block upper triangular with 1x1 and 2x2 blocks. In this case, the 1x1 blocks correspond to real generalized eigenvalues and 2x2 blocks are ‘standardized’ by making the corresponding elements of BB have the form:

      [ a 0 ]
      [ 0 b ]

  and the pair of corresponding 2x2 blocks in AA and BB will have a complex conjugate pair of generalized eigenvalues. If (`output='complex'`) or A and B are complex matrices, Z’ denotes the conjugate-transpose of Z. Q and Z are unitary matrices.

  The documentation is written assuming array arguments are of specified “core” shapes. However, array argument(s) of this function may have additional “batch” dimensions prepended to the core shape. In this case, the array is treated as a batch of lower-dimensional slices; see Batched Linear Operations for details. Note that calls with zero-size batches are unsupported and will raise a `ValueError`.

  Parameters:
    A(N, N) array_like

      2-D array to decompose

    B(N, N) array_like

      2-D array to decompose

    output{‘real’, ‘complex’}, optional

      Construct the real or complex QZ decomposition for real matrices. Default is ‘real’.

    lwork int, optional

      Work array size. If None or -1, it is automatically computed.

    sort{None, callable, ‘lhp’, ‘rhp’, ‘iuc’, ‘ouc’}, optional

      NOTE: THIS INPUT IS DISABLED FOR NOW. Use ordqz instead.

      Specifies whether the upper eigenvalues should be sorted. A callable may be passed that, given an eigenvalue, returns a boolean denoting whether the eigenvalue should be sorted to the top-left (True). For real matrix pairs, the sort function takes three real arguments (alphar, alphai, beta). The eigenvalue `x = (alphar + alphai*1j)/beta`. For complex matrix pairs or output=’complex’, the sort function takes two complex arguments (alpha, beta). The eigenvalue `x = (alpha/beta)`. Alternatively, string parameters may be used:

      - ‘lhp’ Left-hand plane (x.real < 0.0)

      - ‘rhp’ Right-hand plane (x.real > 0.0)

      - ‘iuc’ Inside the unit circle (x*x.conjugate() < 1.0)

      - ‘ouc’ Outside the unit circle (x*x.conjugate() > 1.0)

      Defaults to None (no sorting).

    overwrite_a bool, optional

      Whether to overwrite data in a (may improve performance) See overwrite_* arguments for details.

    overwrite_b bool, optional

      Whether to overwrite data in b (may improve performance) See overwrite_* arguments for details.

    check_finite bool, optional

      If true checks the elements of A and B are finite numbers. If false does no checking and passes matrix through to underlying algorithm.

  Returns:
    AA(N, N) ndarray

      Generalized Schur form of A.

    BB(N, N) ndarray

      Generalized Schur form of B.

    Q(N, N) ndarray

      The left Schur vectors.

    Z(N, N) ndarray

      The right Schur vectors.

  See also

  `ordqz`

  Notes

  Q is transposed versus the equivalent function in Matlab.

  Added in version 0.11.0.

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.linalg import qz

      >>> A = np.array([[1, 2, -1], [5, 5, 5], [2, 4, -8]])
      >>> B = np.array([[1, 1, -3], [3, 1, -1], [5, 6, -2]])

  Compute the decomposition. The QZ decomposition is not unique, so depending on the underlying library that is used, there may be differences in the signs of coefficients in the following output.

      >>> AA, BB, Q, Z = qz(A, B)
      >>> AA
      array([[-1.36949157, -4.05459025,  7.44389431],
             [ 0.        ,  7.65653432,  5.13476017],
             [ 0.        , -0.65978437,  2.4186015 ]])  # may vary
      >>> BB
      array([[ 1.71890633, -1.64723705, -0.72696385],
             [ 0.        ,  8.6965692 , -0.        ],
             [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  2.27446233]])  # may vary
      >>> Q
      array([[-0.37048362,  0.1903278 ,  0.90912992],
             [-0.90073232,  0.16534124, -0.40167593],
             [ 0.22676676,  0.96769706, -0.11017818]])  # may vary
      >>> Z
      array([[-0.67660785,  0.63528924, -0.37230283],
             [ 0.70243299,  0.70853819, -0.06753907],
             [ 0.22088393, -0.30721526, -0.92565062]])  # may vary

  Verify the QZ decomposition. With real output, we only need the transpose of `Z` in the following expressions.

      >>> Q @ AA @ Z.T  # Should be A
      array([[ 1.,  2., -1.],
             [ 5.,  5.,  5.],
             [ 2.,  4., -8.]])
      >>> Q @ BB @ Z.T  # Should be B
      array([[ 1.,  1., -3.],
             [ 3.,  1., -1.],
             [ 5.,  6., -2.]])

  Repeat the decomposition, but with `output='complex'`.

      >>> AA, BB, Q, Z = qz(A, B, output='complex')

  For conciseness in the output, we use `np.set_printoptions()` to set the output precision of NumPy arrays to 3 and display tiny values as 0.

      >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=3, suppress=True)
      >>> AA
      array([[-1.369+0.j   ,  2.248+4.237j,  4.861-5.022j],
             [ 0.   +0.j   ,  7.037+2.922j,  0.794+4.932j],
             [ 0.   +0.j   ,  0.   +0.j   ,  2.655-1.103j]])  # may vary
      >>> BB
      array([[ 1.719+0.j   , -1.115+1.j   , -0.763-0.646j],
             [ 0.   +0.j   ,  7.24 +0.j   , -3.144+3.322j],
             [ 0.   +0.j   ,  0.   +0.j   ,  2.732+0.j   ]])  # may vary
      >>> Q
      array([[ 0.326+0.175j, -0.273-0.029j, -0.886-0.052j],
             [ 0.794+0.426j, -0.093+0.134j,  0.402-0.02j ],
             [-0.2  -0.107j, -0.816+0.482j,  0.151-0.167j]])  # may vary
      >>> Z
      array([[ 0.596+0.32j , -0.31 +0.414j,  0.393-0.347j],
             [-0.619-0.332j, -0.479+0.314j,  0.154-0.393j],
             [-0.195-0.104j,  0.576+0.27j ,  0.715+0.187j]])  # may vary

  With complex arrays, we must use `Z.conj().T` in the following expressions to verify the decomposition.

      >>> Q @ AA @ Z.conj().T  # Should be A
      array([[ 1.-0.j,  2.-0.j, -1.-0.j],
             [ 5.+0.j,  5.+0.j,  5.-0.j],
             [ 2.+0.j,  4.+0.j, -8.+0.j]])
      >>> Q @ BB @ Z.conj().T  # Should be B
      array([[ 1.+0.j,  1.+0.j, -3.+0.j],
             [ 3.-0.j,  1.-0.j, -1.+0.j],
             [ 5.+0.j,  6.+0.j, -2.+0.j]])