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scipy.stats.

# kruskal

scipy.stats.kruskal(*samples, nan_policy='propagate', axis=0, keepdims=False)

  Compute the Kruskal-Wallis H-test for independent samples.

  The Kruskal-Wallis H-test tests the null hypothesis that the population median of all of the groups are equal. It is a non-parametric version of ANOVA. The test works on 2 or more independent samples, which may have different sizes. Note that rejecting the null hypothesis does not indicate which of the groups differs. Post hoc comparisons between groups are required to determine which groups are different.

  Parameters:
    *samples array_like

      Two or more arrays with the sample measurements can be given as arguments. Samples must be one-dimensional.

    nan_policy{‘propagate’, ‘omit’, ‘raise’}

      Defines how to handle input NaNs.

      - `propagate`: if a NaN is present in the axis slice (e.g. row) along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `omit`: NaNs will be omitted when performing the calculation. If insufficient data remains in the axis slice along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `raise`: if a NaN is present, a `ValueError` will be raised.

    axis int or None, default: 0

      If an int, the axis of the input along which to compute the statistic. The statistic of each axis-slice (e.g. row) of the input will appear in a corresponding element of the output. If `None`, the input will be raveled before computing the statistic.

    keepdims bool, default: False

      If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

  Returns:
    statistic float

      The Kruskal-Wallis H statistic, corrected for ties.

    pvalue float

      The p-value for the test using the assumption that H has a chi square distribution. The p-value returned is the survival function of the chi square distribution evaluated at H.

  See also

  `f_oneway`

    1-way ANOVA.

  `mannwhitneyu`

    Mann-Whitney rank test on two samples.

  `friedmanchisquare`

    Friedman test for repeated measurements.

  Notes

  Due to the assumption that H has a chi square distribution, the number of samples in each group must not be too small. A typical rule is that each sample must have at least 5 measurements.

  Beginning in SciPy 1.9, `np.matrix` inputs (not recommended for new code) are converted to `np.ndarray` before the calculation is performed. In this case, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` of appropriate shape rather than a 2D `np.matrix`. Similarly, while masked elements of masked arrays are ignored, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` rather than a masked array with `mask=False`.

  Array API Standard Support

  `kruskal` has experimental support for Python Array API Standard compatible backends in addition to NumPy. Please consider testing these features by setting an environment variable `SCIPY_ARRAY_API=1` and providing CuPy, PyTorch, JAX, or Dask arrays as array arguments. The following combinations of backend and device (or other capability) are supported.

  Library | CPU | GPU
  --- | --- | ---
  NumPy | ✅ | n/a
  CuPy | n/a | ✅
  PyTorch | ✅ | ✅
  JAX | ✅ | ✅
  Dask | ⛔ | n/a

  `kruskal` also accepts MArrays backed by the backends indicated above; masked values will be treated as though they were not present.

  See Support for the array API standard for more information.

  References

  [1]

  W. H. Kruskal & W. W. Wallis, “Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 47, Issue 260, pp. 583-621, 1952.

  [2]

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal-Wallis_one-way_analysis_of_variance

  Examples

      >>> from scipy import stats
      >>> x = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
      >>> y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
      >>> stats.kruskal(x, y)
      KruskalResult(statistic=0.2727272727272734, pvalue=0.6015081344405895)

      >>> x = [1, 1, 1]
      >>> y = [2, 2, 2]
      >>> z = [2, 2]
      >>> stats.kruskal(x, y, z)
      KruskalResult(statistic=7.0, pvalue=0.0301973834223185)