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scipy.sparse.linalg.

# expm_multiply

scipy.sparse.linalg.expm_multiply(A, B, start=None, stop=None, num=None, endpoint=None, traceA=None)

  Compute the action of the matrix exponential of A on B.

  Parameters:
    A transposable linear operator

      The operator whose exponential is of interest.

    B ndarray, sparse array

      The matrix or vector to be multiplied by the matrix exponential of A.

    start scalar, optional

      The starting time point of the sequence.

    stop scalar, optional

      The end time point of the sequence, unless endpoint is set to False. In that case, the sequence consists of all but the last of `num + 1` evenly spaced time points, so that stop is excluded. Note that the step size changes when endpoint is False.

    num int, optional

      Number of time points to use.

    endpoint bool, optional

      If True, stop is the last time point. Otherwise, it is not included.

    traceA scalar, optional

      Trace of A. If not given the trace is estimated for linear operators, or calculated exactly for sparse matrices. It is used to precondition A, thus an approximate trace is acceptable. For linear operators, traceA should be provided to ensure performance as the estimation is not guaranteed to be reliable for all cases.

      Added in version 1.9.0.

  Returns:
    expm_A_B ndarray

      The result of the action \(e^{t_k A} B\).

  Warns:
    UserWarning

      If A is a linear operator and `traceA=None` (default).

  Notes

  The optional arguments defining the sequence of evenly spaced time points are compatible with the arguments of `numpy.linspace`.

  The output ndarray shape is somewhat complicated so I explain it here. The ndim of the output could be either 1, 2, or 3. It would be 1 if you are computing the expm action on a single vector at a single time point. It would be 2 if you are computing the expm action on a vector at multiple time points, or if you are computing the expm action on a matrix at a single time point. It would be 3 if you want the action on a matrix with multiple columns at multiple time points. If multiple time points are requested, expm_A_B[0] will always be the action of the expm at the first time point, regardless of whether the action is on a vector or a matrix.

  References

  [1]

  Awad H. Al-Mohy and Nicholas J. Higham (2011) “Computing the Action of the Matrix Exponential, with an Application to Exponential Integrators.” SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 33 (2). pp. 488-511. ISSN 1064-8275 http://eprints.ma.man.ac.uk/1591/

  [2]

  Nicholas J. Higham and Awad H. Al-Mohy (2010) “Computing Matrix Functions.” Acta Numerica, 19. 159-208. ISSN 0962-4929 http://eprints.ma.man.ac.uk/1451/

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.sparse import csc_array
      >>> from scipy.sparse.linalg import expm, expm_multiply
      >>> A = csc_array([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
      >>> A.toarray()
      array([[1, 0],
             [0, 1]], dtype=int64)
      >>> B = np.array([np.exp(-1.), np.exp(-2.)])
      >>> B
      array([ 0.36787944,  0.13533528])
      >>> expm_multiply(A, B, start=1, stop=2, num=3, endpoint=True)
      array([[ 1.        ,  0.36787944],
             [ 1.64872127,  0.60653066],
             [ 2.71828183,  1.        ]])
      >>> expm(A).dot(B)                  # Verify 1st timestep
      array([ 1.        ,  0.36787944])
      >>> expm(1.5*A).dot(B)              # Verify 2nd timestep
      array([ 1.64872127,  0.60653066])
      >>> expm(2*A).dot(B)                # Verify 3rd timestep
      array([ 2.71828183,  1.        ])